• 한국가금학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1984

본 시험은 기초사료의 에너지수준을 2,400Kcal/kg에서 3,000Kcal/kg까지 달리하고 옥수수와 대두박의 apparent metabolism energy (AME), true metabolism energy (TME)가에 미치는 영창을 검토하고자 실시한바 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. 옥수수의 AME 측정치는 2,400Kcal/13%를 계외하곤 각 처리간 유의차가 인정되지 않았으며(P＞0.05) 대두박은 2,800Kcal/13%와 2,800Kcal/15%, 3,000Kcal/16% 간에 유의차가 있었으나, (P＜0.05) 2,600 Kcal/14% 처리와는 유의성이 발견되지 않았다. (P＞0.05) 2. 기초사료의 에너지수준은 2,400kcal/13%를 제외하곤 옥수수 대두박의 AME가에 영향하지 않아 시험사료에 따라 기초사료의 에너지수준을 달리할 필요가 없다. 3. 옥수수 보다 대두박의 표준오차 값이 큰 것은 대치율이 옥수수보다 낮은데서 기인하였다. 4. 옥수수의 TME치는 AME치와 그 경향이 같았으나 대두박의 TME치는 전처리간 없었다. (P＞0.05) 5. 옥수수와 대두박의 AME치와 옥수수의 TME치가 2,400Kcal/13% 처리에서 현저히 감소한 것은 사료내 단미사료간 상호작용에 기인한다고 할 수가 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1326-1333
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• 2002

Studies were conducted with nine barrows, average initial body weight $44.5{\pm}2.1kg$, fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum, to determine the apparent ileal (and true) digestibility (AID and TID) of CP and AA in different cultivars of rapeseed meals and soybean meal. The barrows were fed either a casein diet or one of eight corn starch-based semipurified diets, formulated to contain 17.0% CP (DM basis) with one of seven different cultivars of rapeseed meal or soybean meal as the sole source of dietary protein, according to a six-period, nine-treatment, incomplete Latin Square. Chromic oxide (0.5%) was used as a digestibility marker. The pigs were fed of 4% of body weight twice daily, at 08:00 and 20:00 h. Ileal digesta were collected at 2 h intervals daily from 5 d to 7 d. The AID or TID values of CP and most AA (Cysteine excluded) were significantly lower in the rapeseed meals than in soybean meal (p<0.05). There were significant differences in the AID or TID values of CP and AA among the seven different cultivars rapeseed meals (p<0.05); the seven rapeseed meals were arranged according to the size of the AA digestibility values of the rapeseed meals from the greatest to the least, as Zayou 59, Youyan 7, Ganyou 16, Qingyou 2, Huaza 3, Ningza 1 and Lianglou 586; differences in CP, AA, NDF and ADF contents in the rapeseed meals were mainly responsible for the variation in the AID or TID values of AA among rapeseed meals. The AID value of CP can be used as an index of the AID or TID values of most AA in rapeseed meals. However, the AID value of CP was less appropriate as a direct indicator of the AID or TID values for cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and proline.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.980-989
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• 2005

The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each period being 3 wk in duration. Cows were fed 440 g/kg forage and 560 g/kg grain diet with one of three extruded soybean meals fed at 110 g/kg of the diet. The 3 soybean meals were 1) twice-extruded soybean meal (ESM; as a control); 2) lignosulfonate-treated, twice-extruded soybean meal (LSM); and 3) calcium oxide plus lignosulfonate-treated, twice extruded soybean meal (CLSM). Experiment 2: 3 ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square to study the treatment influence on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Feeding treated soybean meal to cows in LSM and CLSM treatments did not improve feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition except that cows fed the LSM and CLSM treatments produced less milk protein compared with the ESM treatment. The proportion of $C_{18:2}$ was greater in milk fat of cows fed CLSM compared with that of cows fed the ESM or LSM treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. An increased proportion of $C_{18:2}$ in milk fat suggests that there is a potential use of calcium salts of fatty acids in protecting the lipid portion of extruded soybean meal and further research is needed to explore this potential with full-fat extruded soybeans not with extruded and partially oil expelled soybeans.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.509-513
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• 1991

콩과 옥수수가루의 발효에 관여하는 미생물중 phytase 생산성이 강한 두 균주인 Enterobacter cloacae와 Bacillus licheniformis를 단독 균주로 사용하여 콩과 옥수수가루를 기질로 발효시켰을때 각 기질의 phytic acid 분해와 그에 따른 영양성분의 변화를 검토한 결과, 콩 가루를 기질로 E.cloacae에 의한 발효과정에서는 pH가 발효 2일 동안에 급격히 낮아졌으나, B.licheniformis의 경우는 옥수수가루중에 함유된 당으로부터 산을 생성하지 않기 때문에 pH가 발효 5일째까지 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.928-939
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• 2003

A study was carried out to determine the effect of de-hulling on apparent and true ileal amino acids digestibility of soybean meals for growing pigs. Twenty barrows (Duroc${\times}$Large white${\times}$Longer white) were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ilium. Digestibility of 20 experimental diets was determined, nine of them were de-hulled soybean meal diets, and nine of them were regular soybean meal diets and two low protein casein diets for determination of endogenous amino acid correction for true digestibility determination. A TEX>$5<{\times}5<$ Latin Squares Design was adopted in this trail. The results showed that de-hulling increased apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine, threonine, aspartic, tyrosine and indispensable and dispensable amino acid (p<0.05) in soybean meals. Furthermore, dehulling is also increased apparent digestibility of arginine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine and gross amino acids (p<0.01). However, there were no significant differences found for histidine, methionine, tryptophan, cystine and glycine (p>0.05). Similar responses were found for true ileal digestibility. In three dehulled and non-dehulled pairs soybean meals from the same respective sources, de-hulling increased apparent digestibility of lysine, methionine, threonine and cystine 1.42%, 2.06%, 2.18% and 1.40% respectively. True digestibility of lysine, methionine, threonine and cystine was increased 1.65%, 1.94%, 2.30% and 1.82% respectively. A prediction equation for true ileal amino acid digestibility (including lysine and arginine) was established by multivariate linear regression. The independent variables included relevant amino acid, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract. The coefficient R2 values of lysine and agrinine were 0.596 and 0.531 respectively. According to the crude protein content, a prediction equation for lysine and arginine content in soybean meal was also established by single linear regression. The coefficient $R^2$ values of lysine and agrinine were 0.636 and 0.636 respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1487-1494
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• 2003

Studies were conducted with intact White Leghorn roosters to determine the true metabolisable energy (TME) and the true amino acid availability (TAAA) in five dehulled and hulled soybean meals produced in China. 60 roosters, kept in individual cages, were fasted for 48 h and then tube-fed 50 g of one of experimental feedstuffs and their excreta was then collected for the subsequent 48 h period. Two separate collection periods were used with each meal being fed to 12 roosters. The birds were given a 15-day recovery period between collection periods. An additional 12 roosters were either fasted or fed a protein-free diet in order to estimate the extent of endogenous losses of energy and amino acids in excreta. The average values per bird for nitrogen loss, endogenous energy losses (EEL) and endogenous energy losses corrected to zero-nitrogen balance ($EEL_n$) were found to be 0.74 g, 47.0 kJ and 21.5 kJ, respectively. It was found that the TME and TAAA values of dehulled soybean meal were higher than those of hulled soybean meal. The TME and nitrogen-corrected TME metabolisable energy values of dehulled soybean meal were 10.58 and 10.74 MJ/kg, respectively, while the corresponding values for hulled soybean meal were 10.03 and 10.27 MJ/kg, respectively. The average indispensable and dispensable amino acid availability of dehulled soybean meal was 92.1 and 93.5%, compared with 89.3 and 91.4% for hulled soybean meal. Dehulled soybean meal would therefore appear to be superior to hulled soybean meal as a source of protein and energy for use in poultry rations.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1998

The objective of this study is to provide a fundamental data to improve meals of the college foodservice operations serving more than 300 meals per day through evaluating changes in; total vitamin C contests, water contents, and pH, in the process of handling such foods as soybean sprout cooked and of fresh vegetable salads. This study, also, tried to identify nutrition reduction, step by step, to minimize nutrition loss. 1. In handing COOKED SOYBEAN SPROUTS, total vitamin C contents were higher after wash(1.54%mg%) than other cooking methods adopted in university meals(1.08mg%), however, total vitamin C contents was significantly lost during boiling step. 2. Significant loss of total vitamin C and water content in the FRESH VEGITABLE SALADS was detected in the process of washing and cutting vegitables. Especially,'cabbage' lost 20% of total vitamin C in the process of 'soaking in water', which was one of preparation process 3. Significant loss of vitamin C was observed after 6 hours of HOLDINC AFTER COOKING but it can be reduced through holding under lower temparature, in case of soybean sprouts and fresh vegitable salads. pH became acidic as holding time expanded. WATER CONTENT of cooked soybean sprouts decreased up to 4 hours holding time, however, it increased when we checked at after 6 hours' of holding time. Water content continuously decreased up to 6 hours of holding time in case of FRESH VESITABLE SALADS with the statistically significance level.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2008

본 연구는 반추가축에 있어서 단백질 Bypass처리가 광물질의 체내이용에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 반추위 Cannula를 장착한 면양 3두에 나이론백 실험방법을 이용하여 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험사료로는 대두박과 채종박을 사용하였으며, 본 시험사료에 가열($133^{\circ}C$, $143^{\circ}C$) 처리와 포름알데이드(0.3%, 0.5%)처리를 하고 나이론 백을 사용하여 반추위내에서 배양한 후 Phytate와 P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Cu에 대해 각 항목의 반추위내의 소실율을 구하였다. 시험결과에 의하면 대두박과 채종박에 대한 단백질 Bypass처리는 Phytate를 포함한 모든 광물질에서 단백질 Bypass 처리의 강도가 높아짐에 따라 반추위내의 각 광물질의 소실율이 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 그리고 각 광물질간의 비교에서 Cu, Zn, Ca의 소실율이 타광물질에 비하여 낮은 경향을 보여 특히 본 광물질의 이용성 감소가 예상된다. 이상의 결과로 반추가축에 있어서 이용률이 매우 높은 것으로 알려진 Phytate는 단백질 Bypass처리를 함으로써 Phytate와 결합되어 사료내에 존재하는 광물질의 반추위내의 분해 율을 감소시켜 반추가축에 있어서의 광물질 부족 및 분으로의 배설 증가로 인한 토양의 오염증가가 예상된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the variation in nutrient composition of oilseed meals and to develop prediction equations for amino acid concentrations. Energy and nutrient contents were determined in a total of 1,380 feed ingredient samples including copra byproducts, corn distillers, dried grains with solubles, palm kernel byproducts, and soybean meal. The ingredient samples were imported to the Republic of Korea between 2006 and 2015. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The regression procedure of SAS was used to generate the prediction equation for the lysine concentration using the crude protein (CP) concentration as an independent variable. The concentrations of moisture, gross energy, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, lysine, methionine, cysteine, and threonine in tested oilseed meals differed (P<0.05) depending on producing countries. The prediction equations for amino acid concentrations (% as-is basis) in the oilseed meals are: lysine = -1.08 + 0.080 × CP (root mean square error = 0.244, R² = 0.924, and P<0.001); threonine = -0.297 + 0.044 × CP (root mean square error = 0.099, R² = 0.958, and P<0.001). In conclusion, energy and nutrient compositions vary in the oilseed meals depending on the producing countries. Moreover, the crude protein concentration can be used as a suitable independent variable for estimating lysine and threonine concentrations in the oilseed meals.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 1998

In order to compare economics of soybean meals (SBMS) imported from Brazil and the U.S., a feeding trial was conducted with 480 commercial broiler chicks (Abor Acres strain) for 38 days. The Brazilian SBM was brownish in color and the protein solubility in 0.2 % KOH solution was 63. 4 %. The U.S. SBM, on the other hand, was a dehulled SBM, and uniform in color (light yellow) and particle size. The protein solubility value of the latter was 76.6 %. Two dietary protein levels (19 % and 21 %) were used for each source of SBM (2x2 factorial). Chicks fed diets containing the U.S. SBM grew significantly faster (P<0.05) and utilized feed more efficiently than chicks fed diets containing Brazilian SBM. Chicks fed diets containing 21 % CP showed better growth performance and profitability than those fed the 19 % CP diets. The price of the U.S. SBM was higher but the feed cost per unit gain was lower than the Brazilian SBM. Results suggest that there are over-cooked SBMs being traded on the Korean rnarket, and attention should be given to not only the price but also the quality of SBMs.