• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 1998

쥐노래미 사료의 어분 대체 단백질원으로서 대두박 및 우모분의 이용성을 검토하기 위해 어분을 주단백질원으로 한 대조사료와 대두박을 5%, 10%, 15% 및 20% 첨가한 실험구, 대두박 20% 첨가구에 제한적인 필수아미노산 보충구, 우모분을 5%, 10%, 15% 및 20% 첨가한 실험구, 그리고 대두박, 콘글루텐 밀, 육분, 혈분 및 우모분을 혼합하여 첨가한 실험구를 설정하여 11종의 실험사료를 설계하여 제조하였다. 21g 전후의 쥐노래미 치어를 2개월간 2반복으로 사육 실험한 결과, 증체율, 사료효율 및 단백질효율은 대두박을 20%까지 첨가한 실험구들에서 대두박 첨가비에 따라 다소 그 값이 낮아지기는 하였으나 대조구와 유의한 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 또한 대두박 20% 첨가구에 필수아미노산 보충구도 대조구와 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 그러나 우모분 첨가구들은 그 첨가비가 10%까지는 대조구와 차이가 없는 (P>0.05) 반면에 그 이상 첨가구들은 대조구보다 유의하게 낮은 값(P<0.05)을 보였다. 식물성 및 동물성 단백질원 혼합구는 대조구와 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 이상의 결과로부터 대두박을 20% 첨가할 때 대조구 어분총량의 22%까지, 동물성 및 식물성 단백질 혼합 첨가시에는 대조구의 어분을 44%까지 대체할 수 있을 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.812-817
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• 2017

This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of soybean (SM) and fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth promotion in juvenile abalone Haliotis discus. Six hundred and thirty juvenile abalone were distributed into nine plastic containers. Three diets were prepared with 22% fish meal, 2% casein, and either 25% SM or FSM used as the protein sources in the experimental diets, and Undaria was used as a control diet to compare the effects of the experimental diets on the growth performance of abalone. The diets were assigned to three containers each and fed to the abalone once daily to satiation for 16 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were higher in abalone fed the SM diet than in those fed the FSM diet. Weight gain and SGR of abalone fed the SM and FSM diets were higher than those of abalone fed Undaria. The crude protein and lipid contents of the edible portions of abalone fed the SM and FSM diets were higher than those of abalone fed Undaria. SM was superior to FSM as a protein source in abalone feed. The SM and FSM diets facilitated greater growth than Undaria.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1983

본 시험은 분채취시간 및 Corn Starch, Glucose Mixture (Starch (50) ＋ Glucose (50))의 급이가 성웅계의 내인성에너지 (FEm＋UEe) 손실에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. Period II(24-28hr)의 분배설량, 에너지량과 N 손실량은 Period I(0-24hr)의 경우보다 높았으나 유의차 (P＝.05)는 없었다. 2. 체중(X)과 분배설량, 에너지 및 N 손실량 (Y) 간에는 유의차 상관관계는 발견되지 않았는데 (P＞.05) 이는 체중이 내인성에너지 (FEm＋UEe) 손실에 영향하지 않는다는 사실을 뒷받침하는 것이었다. 3 Glucose, Mixture 급이구는 절식구에 비하여 분배설량, 에너지 및 N 손실량이 현저하게 감소하였다. (P＜.05). 4. Corn Starch 급이구의 분배지량, N 손실량은 절식구에 비해 유의적 (P＜.05)으로 감소했으나 내인성에너지 손실량은 두 구간 유의차가 없었다. (P＞.05) 이는 Corn Starch의 Apparent Digestibility가 Glucose, Mixture구 보다 낮았음을 지적하는 것이다. 5. 급이구의 N 손실량은 절식구에 비하여 현저히 감소한 사실은 탄수화물 급이가 절식동안 조직의 이화작용에 의한 에너지 손실의 일부를 보완하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1892-1903
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• 2022

Objective: A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Methods: Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBM_B), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBM_L). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBM_B+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBM_B+L, FSBM_B, and FSBM_L). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: Compared to SBM, FSBM_B+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBM_B+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBM_B group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBM_B+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1236-1245
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• 2024

Objective: The object of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) in broiler diets on growth performance, blood indicators, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. Methods: A total of 180 Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three treatments, each treatment with six replicates and 10 broilers per replicate for a 42-day feeding trial. The control group (CON) was fed corn-soybean meal based diet. The CAP-1 and CAP-2 groups were considered to use CAP to replace 25% or 50% of soybean meal in the diet, respectively. The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers at 1 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d, and 1 to 42 d were measured, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. At the 42nd day of age, two broilers with similar weights and fasted for 12 h were selected in each replicate for blood collection from the brachial wing vein. The blood routine indicators, serum biochemical indicators, serum antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broiler chickens were measured. Results: Replacement of soybean meal with 25% (CAP-1) and 50% (CAP-2) CAP significantly increased the average daily gain of 22 to 42 d and 1 to 42 d and decreased the average daily feed intake and feed conversion rate (p<0.05). The CAP-1 group, and CAP-2 group significantly increased hemoglobulin in the blood of broilers, while the CAP-2 group increased hematocrit content (p<0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of superoxide dismutase and immunoglobulin A in serum of the CAP-2 group were significantly increased, while the contents of malondialdehyde in CAP group were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Replacing soybean meal with CAP led to significant improvements in the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broilers.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2014

In order to increase the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) as an animal feed, Bacillus subtilis TP6, a previously isolated strain from an Indonesian traditional fermented soybean food, Tempeh, was used as a starter organism for solid-state fermentation. In the pre-treated SBM with water content of 60% (v/w), B. subtilis TP6 was grown to a maximum viable cell number of $3.5{\times}10^9CFU/g$. Compared to control, crude protein in Bacillus fermented SBM was increased by 16%, while raffinose, stachyose, and trypsin inhibitors were reduced by 31, 37, and 90%, respectively. The Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that proteins in the fermented SBM were remarkably hydrolyzed into smaller molecular masses, resulting in a decrease in large sized proteins. Our data suggested that B. subtilis fermentation could increase the nutritive value of SBM through reduction of anti-nutritive factors and improvement of protein quality by hydrolysis of soy protein. In addition, B. subtilis TP6 produced a functional ingredient, poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid which has various health benefits.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 1983

본 시험은 현행 ME 측정방법을 비교 검토하기 위하여 옥수수, 수수, 대맥, 어분, 대두박에 대하여 TCM, IM과 AME$_{F}$, TME bioassay법을 비교측정한 결과 다음의 성적을 얻었다. 1. TCM 및 IM에 의해 AME 측정시 어분을 제외하곤 각 방법간에는 유의차가 없었으나 (p＞.05) TCM에 의한 측정치는 다소 높은 경향이었다. 2. AME$_{F}$와 AME가 간에는 수수를 제외하고는 유의차 (p＞.05)를 발견할 수 없었으며 이와 관련하여 AME$_{F}$ bioassay를 이용 AME 측정상 문제점을 검토하였다. 3. 옥수수, 수수, 대맥의 AME$_{FC}$, TME치는 AME, AME$_{F}$)에 비하여 유의적(p＜.05)으로 높은 반면 어분과 대두박은 비슷하거나 낮았다. 이러한 사실은 AMF$_{FC}$와 TME측정법은 어분 및 대두박의 AME$_{FC}$나 TME가를 저하시키는 요인이 있음을 지적하는 것이라 하겠다. 4. TME, AME$_{FC}$와 T-AME가를 비교시 옥수수ㆍ수수ㆍ대맥의 TME가는 AME$_{FC}$나T-AME가 보다 유의적(p＜.05)으로 높았으나 반면 어분, 대두박은 현저히 낮았다(p＜.05). 따라서 TME, AME$_{FC}$와 T-AMF 간의 관계는 특히 단백질사료와 같은 각 사료의 종료마다 일정치 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.89-95
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• 1995

The efficient use as a protein source for poultry of full fat soybean (FFSB) treated under various processes, i. e. steaming under pressure 40 lbs/sq. inch for 5, 10 or 15 minutes or roasting in a baking oven at $180^{\circ}C$ for 20, 30 or 40 minutes or extruding was compared with that of soybean meal. Eight hundred straight run broiler chicks (AA 707) were randomly allotted into 8 treatments of 4 replicates, fed with, rations containing either kind of the above mentioned FFSB for 6 weeks (Wks 1-7). The protein content of the diets for chicks during 1-3, 3-6 and 6-7 weeks of age was 21, 19 and 17% respectively. The result revealed that steaming can destroy 76-92% of the trypsin inhibitor activity (TlA) in soybean, particularly that at 15 minutes, while roasting can get rid of only 13-28% TlA. Chicks fed roasted FFSB had an enlarged pancreas and showed inferior performances to the steaming and the extrusion products. Steaming should be at least 10-15 minutes in order to obtain the comparable performances to those of the extrusion or of the soybean meal. The extruded FFSB showed the best feed conversion ratio. This might be due to the very fine particle of the product.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.706-716
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• 2014

A new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139 with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of FSBM produced by this new strategy (NFSB) compared with soybean meal (SBM) and conventionally available FSBM (Suprotein). In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows (initial body weight [BW] of $32.2{\pm}1.7kg$) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 6 replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and 3 diets based on a mixture of corn and 1 of 3 soybean products listed above were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (p>0.05). In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $26.8{\pm}1.5kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the 3 soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for NFSB and SBM (p>0.05), but Suprotein had greater (p<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than NFSB. In Exp. 3, a total of 144 piglets (initial BW of $8.8{\pm}1.2$ kg) were blocked by weight and fed 1 of 4 diets including a control diet with 24% SBM as well as diets containing 6% and 12% NFSB or 12% Suprotein added at the expense of SBM. During d 15 to 28, replacing SBM with 6% NFSB significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) for nursery piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing 6% NFSB was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of 6% NFSB in diets fed to nursery piglets improved performance after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2003

Ten barrows, weaned at 28 days (7.2$\pm$0.1 kg BW), were used to evaluate the effects of feeding extruded full-fat soybeans on intestinal morphology and mucosal cell turnover time. All pigs were fed corn-based diets with half of the pigs receiving diets supplemented with 15.5% soybean meal and 3% soybean oil and the remaining pigs fed a diet in which the soybean meal and oil were replaced by 18.5% extruded full-fat soybeans. The pigs were individually placed in $80{\times}150cm$ metabolic cages and fed twice daily an amount approximately equal to their ad libitum intake for a period of 14 days. On day 14, pigs were weighed and then injected intraperitoneally with $^3$H]thymidine ($100{\mu}Ci/kg$ of BW, specific activity 20 Ci/mmol) 6 h after the morning meal. A pig from each treatment was killed 1, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h postinjection and intestinal tissues were collected. Daily gains for pigs fed the soybean diet and extruded full-fat soybean diet were 0.24 and 0.31 kg/day (p=0.05) with feed conversions of 1.58 and 1.39 (p=0.05), respectively. In comparison with pigs fed soybean meal, pigs fed moist extruded full-fat soybeans had a decreased crypt depth in their duodenum and cecum (p<0.1), while the villus height in the mid jejunum and ileum and the total height (villus height plus crypt depth) of the ileum and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The villus width in the duodenum and mid jejunum decreased (p<0.05). The number of crypt epithelial cells in the upper jejunum increased but decreased in the ileum, colon and cecum (p<0.05). The number of villus epithelial cells in the ileum and the upper and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The time for migration of epithelial cells in the crypt-villus column decreased (p<0.05) in all sites except the upper jejunum, ileum and cecum. The mucosal turnover rate for all intestinal sites except the upper jejunum, colon and cecum decreased (p<0.05). From these data, we conclude that inclusion of moist extruded full-fat soybeans in weanling pig diets can improve the intestinal morphology and slow the migration rate and turnover time of epithelial cells of the small intestine, especially in the mid jejunum compared with soybean meal.