• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.11 no.3 s.31
• /
• pp.21-34
• /
• 2002

This study is to analyse the transformation process of spatial structure of traditional small city structure in Jeollabuk-Do in the process of modern urbanization between 19th century and the year 2000. The small cities, IM-PI, YONG-AN, YEO-SAN, OK-GOO, GO-SAN, MU-JANG, GUM-MA, GO-BU, which have been local administrative center in CHO-SUN dynasty, have role of local administrative center of subdivision of country-myon, except OK-GOO. The method of this study is to investigate the transformation process of spatial structural elements of with the actual field surveys, the analysis of Gunhyun map made in 1872, land registration maps in 1910s and 2000, and various topological maps. The elements of analysis are the topological site and geographical situation conditions, the urbanized areas, the street systems, the function of streets, the focal points of urban land use, the land use systems, and the location of major facilities such as administration facilities, markets, bus terminals. The analytical point of view and the results are as follows. There is strong relationship between the transformation of internal matrix route system and the growth pattern of urbanized areas, Especially on the contrary to the matrix route with East-West direction which has the role of checking the growth of urbanized area, the South-North direction route acts as the leading line of the growth. The focal points structure of urban land use shows transformation process from the point of central space of administrative district in front of Nae-A, to the access point to administrative district or to the access point to housing and neighborhood commercial area. From the point of functional area structure and major facilities location, line-type commercial area is developed along the line of central axis route and access route to administrative district. Especially direction of the growth of commercial area is strongly connected with the interrelationship between the study area and its neighboring cities. Pattern of commercial district development is varied with the direction of matrix route. That is, commercial district, which shows one side development pattern along the East-West direction route, is developed on both sides of street along the South-North direction route.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2021

Recently, many studies have considered the effect of atmospheric pressure loading (APL) on precise global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data processing. The APL deforms the Earth's crust. It can often exceed 10 mm in radial displacement. In this study, we analyze the APL effect on Multi-GNSS kinematic precise point positioning (PPP). In addition, observations received at two GNSS reference stations (DAEJ and SUWN) in South Korea were processed. The absolute position changes for the two stations were compared to before and after applying the APL effects from January 1 to February 29, 2020. The crust of South Korea was most affected by the APL in the up direction. With the APL model, the difference in daily position changes was mostly within 4 mm in the radial direction. On the other hand, the horizontal components (east-west and north-south) were relatively less affected than the radial component.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate variabilities in green moisture content, specific gravity and shrinkage in the stems of a Larch(Larix leptolepis) to provide fundamental information for technical processes. There were significant differences in green moisture contents, specific gravity and shrinkage between heratwood and sapwood. The green moisture content was correlated negatively with the height in the sapwood. On the other hands, in the heratwood, there was a positive correlation between moisture content and the height. There were no significant differences in specific gravity between south-bound and north-bound directions in both heartwood and sapwood. There were no significant differences in specific gravity due to the height in sapwood, but significant differences were foundin heartwood. There were no significant differences in shrinkage between south-bound and north-bound directions, and due to the height in most of heartwood and sapwood. However, shrinkage in north-bound direction was higher than that of in the south-bound direction in some sapwoods.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.61-73
• /
• 2016

Water mass distribution and currents were investigated off the east coast of Korea near the Hupo Bank using the CTD and ADCP data from June to August 2010. The typical water masses were: (1) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW) from the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC) in the surface layer, (2) a shallow thermocline at 20-30 m depth, (3) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW) of high salinity (>34.2) below the pycnocline, (4) North Korean Cold Water (NKCW) of low salinity (<34.05) and low temperature (<4°C) in the lower layer. In June, a double eddy was observed in which a cold filament intruded cyclonically from the south around a pre-existing cold-core eddy. A burst of strong southward current was recorded in mid-August due to a warm filament from the meandering EKWC. Current in the N-S direction was predominant due to topographic effects, and the direction of the northward EKWC was frequently reversed in its direction due to the eddy-filament activity, whereas the influence of the wind was not noticeable. The vertical structure of the current was of a two-layer system, with the northward EKWC in the upper layer and weak southward flows corresponding to the North Korean Cold Current (NKCC) in the deeper layer.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.151-158
• /
• 2006

Highly accurate surface velocity estimation using modern geodetic techniques plays very important role in the geological and geophysical interpretation. Researches with GPS are ongoing in many countries of the world. This study aims to estimate the amount of crustal deformation and the direction of deformation in the Korean Peninsula and in its neighbor. We used GAMIT that is a comprehensive GPS analysis package developed at MIT. Then, a Global Kalman filter called GLOBK is used to combine the results from GAMIT and to estimate the relative and absolute velocity vector for the crustal deformations. To estimate station velocity accuracy and reliably, it is extremely important to pay great attention to the reference frame. Firstly, using the Suwon (SUWN) of Eurasian plate as main frame, we estimate the relative amount of crustal deformation and a direction of Eurasian plate and North American plate, Secondly, using ITRF 2000 as main frame, we estimate the absolute crustal deformation of Eurasian plate and North American plate. The continent of Eurasian where has the Korean Peninsula deforms 33.36 mm per year to East-Southeast (ESE), and Japanese Tsukuba (TSKB) in North American plate deforms to South-Southwest (SSW). Finally, the Korean Peninsula is approaching the Japanese Island and the rate of horizontal crustal deformation between the Suwon and the Tsukuba is about 31.98 mm per year in the moving direction of N85.9oW (274.1o) for the past three years.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine exposure and direction in slope as well as entrance of site in order to research the site planning of the dwellings in Hahoe Village. In this study, the survey data during seventeen month from April 1998 to August 1999 was measured and analyzed. The result of this study were as follows ; 1) The rate of exposure and direction in slope as well as entrance of site was find out in order of the south(30~38%).east(22~28%).north(21~24%).west(14~22%) aspect. Among others, exposure was most due south.southeast.southwest aspect. 2) The interrelation of exposure and direction in slope as well as entrance of site was find out high within the limits of general visible.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.29 no.spc1
• /
• pp.57-58
• /
• 1996

There is an excess gamma flux from the general direction of the Galactic North Pole compared with that from the south when allowance is made for the contribution from CR interactions with the HI gas (Osborne et al., 1994). The extent to which it is in accord with the predictions of Wdowczyk and Wolfendale (1990 a,b) for gamma rays secondary to very high energy CR escaping from the VIRGO cluster is examined and it is claimed that the observations may well be of the order of those expected.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.391-398
• /
• 2009

Variations of mean ionospheric spatial gradient over Korea are analyzed in order to support GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) augmentation systems and integrity monitering systems. A software for analyzing the ionospheric spatial gradient is developed using an ionospheric plate model. Daily and annual variations of ionospheric delay and spatial gradient are analyzed using GPS data in 2003 and 2005 respectively. The ionospheric delays and spatial gradients in 2003 were larger than 2005. Also, the south-north gradient, about -1.0mm/km, is nearly two times larger than the east-west gradient. The annual ionospheric spatial gradients over Korea is varied within 2mm/km.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.615-626
• /
• 2003

The applied model for this study area is WINFLOW using mite element method, It is thought that the simulation result by WINFLOW model under the steady flow state reflects well the ground water distribution within the reliability level which shows the error range of 1.1% to 8.0% from the comparison between the computed values and the observed, and analyzed that the constant head distribution is shown along the east-west direction and gentle and stable head gradient along the north-south direction. Ground water of the study area shows stable movement from the south to the stream area, and the particle trace for each location shows relatively linear shape from the upstream to the pumping location while the radius of influence according to the pumping amount shows a significant difference at the down stream area from the pumping location. The simultaneous pumping from P and P1 shows more complicated appearance, not the increase of the radius of influence than pumping from a single well P or P1, and it is analyzed that the particle path takes nearly linear form. It is known that the flow direction of the ground water and the velocity of the flow affect on the magnitude of the radius of influence of the wells from the fact that the more decreasing pattern of the ground water head is observed at the side of the well and the down stream area than the upstream area when the ground water moves from south to north regarding the radius of influence according to the pumping amount. Satisfactory results in analyses of ground water movement are obtained through the significant reduction of the physical uncertainties in the flow system as well as the relatively convenient model application using WINFLOW model which is proposed in this study.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.415-422
• /
• 2008

Pumping test was conducted to understand hydraulic conductivity for leaky confined aquifer with high permeability. Test aquifer was formed in $25{\sim}35\;m$ below ground surface at predetermined site of riverbank filtration which junction of Nakdong river and Milyang river in the Ttaan isle, Gimhae city, Korea Monitoring wells were located at intervals of 2 m and 5 m from pumping well in south-west direction (MW1 and MW2 wells) and northeast direction (MW3 and MW4 wells), respectively. Pumping test was continuously conducted for constant pumping rate of $2,500m^3/day$, hydraulic conductivity was estimated using AQTESOLV 3.5 program. Hydraulic conductivity were estimated to be $1.745{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for pumping well (PW), $2.452{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW1 wells, $2.161{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW2 wells, $2.270{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW3 wells and $2.591{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW4 wells. The function of hydraulic conductivity (K) as monitoring distance (d) were estimated to be logK = 0.0693logd - 2.671 for south-west direction (PW-MW1-MW2 line), logK = 0.0817logd - 2.655 for north-east direction (PW-MW3-MW 4 line). Scale exponent of hydraulic conductivity as test volume was estimated using Schulze-Makuch et al.(1999) method. Scale exponent of this aquifer was estimated to be 0.15. It means that test aquifer has very low heterogeneity. The radius of influence estimated using transmissivity, maximum groundwater level displacement, distance from pumping well and pumping rate during pumping test were 7.148 m for south-west direction and 6.912 m for north-east direction. The increasing rate of hydraulic conductivity from pumping well to maximum radius of influence were estimated to be 1.40 times for south-west direction and 1.49 times for north-east direction. Thus, heterogeneity of test aquifer was a little higher in north-east direction.