• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.315-319
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• 2008

Glow-light tetra, Hemigrammus erythrozonus is a teleost belonging to Characidae. The natural habitate of this fish is the wild in the Essequibo river, Guyana and South America. The oogenesis of glow-light tetra was investigated by light microscopy to compare with those of other families. A pair of ovary was located between swim bladder and intestines. The ovary was of white color and ellipsoidal shape with the major axis 11 mm and the minor axis 4 mm. Cytoplasm of oogonia was basophilic and many nucleoli were located at inside of nuclear membrane. In primary oocytes, yolk vesicles were distributed only in the marginal area and egg envelope was not formed on the outside of an egg. In secondary oocytes, the egg envelope was formed and yolk vesicles in the cytoplasm were increased than the earlier stage. The amount of basophilic substance was decreased. In case of matured egg, thickness of egg envelope and size of egg were increased, basophilic substance was distributed in only around the egg envelope. The yolk vesicles were changed to yolk mass in accordance with development. In conclusion, the oogenesis of glow-light tetra, Hemigrammus erythrozonus was characterized by the increase in cell size, the formation and accumulation of yolk, and the decrease of basophilia a in the cytoplasm. The oogenesis of glow-light tetra seems to share common patterns in Characidae, teleost and have a similar pattern with other teleost.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.540-546
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• 2018

Annona muricata, generally known as soursop, graviola, or sirsak, is native to the warmest tropical areas of North and South America and is now widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the world, including India and Nigeria. This study tested the contents of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, and minerals, as well as the antioxidative effects of DPPH radical-scavenging activity, Fe/Cu-reducing power, linoleic-acid peroxidation using thiobarbituric-acid (TBA) methods and peroxidation of rat-hepatocyte microsomes, and ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching assay. These were tested with in-vitro experimental models using water, ethanol, and methanol extracts of the Annona muricata leaf (AMl). Water extracts of AMl showed the highest extraction yield (1.76%). The total polyphenol-compound concentration was the highest in the methanol extract of AMl. However, the flavonoids concentration was the highest in the ethanol extracts of AMl. AMlMl major minerals were Ca, K, and Mg. In DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the contents exhibited a strong scavenging effect on the ethanol and methanol extracts of AMl. Additionally, the Fe/Cu-reducing power was strong in ethanol and methanol extracts of AMl. $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate-induced linoleic-acid peroxidation using TBA methods and auto-oxidation of rat-hepatic microsomes showed strong antioxidative activities in ethanol extracts of AMl. ${\beta}$-Carotene bleaching was also highest in the ethanol extracts of AMl. These results may provide the basic data to understand the chemical characteristics and antioxidative effects of Annona muricata leaf extract for the development of functional foods.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.55
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• pp.9-29
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• 2018

Recently, it has been frequently reported there were rapid increase of vehicle ramming attacks in the Western countries, such as Europe, United States of America, Australia, and Canada. Vehicle ramming attacks happened in Western countries specifically targeted civilians and maliciously intented to attack as many victims as possible. and resulted in significant number of casualties and wounds. Experts in terrorism analyze the increase of terrors using vehicle is largely due to the change of terror strategy of Islamic extremest groups like ISIS which encouraging would-be terrorist to use vehicles as an effective killing weapons. Accordingly, The most of countries experienced vehicle terrorist attacks began to build physical barriers including ballards, fences, and obstacles on the main shopping streets, transportation facilities, and famous crowded places and buildings in order to prevent mass killing by terrorists' vehicle ramming attack. Contrary to such swift respond to be prepared attacks using vehicle as a weapon Western countries, there are still lack of interests in preparing this type of terrorist attacks among domestic policy makers and scholars. To fulfill the research gap, this study aimed to investigate important issues regarding physical barriers in South Korea. The contributions, implications of this study and suggestions for policy implications of this study findings were discussed in results and discuss.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.143-155
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• 2016

In this study, we focused on the importance of politicians' voices in sending a message. Different factors for a voice may play different roles in sending a message and affect message recipients' responsiveness, understanding, and so on. For this reason, it can be said that an analytical study on voices in sending a diversity of messages is a meaningful attempt. We took interest in politicians' voices because we determined that a voice should be very important to politicians frequently sending a message through speech to the nation and others. This study aimed to investigate the voices of politicians, who represent their nation. We intended to select politicians representing ROK(Republic of Korea; South Korean) and USA(United States of America), choose representative speeches to the nation, make a comparative analysis of their voices in the speeches, and draw implications. We analyzed a total of eight voices - four ROK politicians and four USA ones, male and female - to characterize them and suggest guidelines for a voice with clearer message delivery. We analyzed the politicians' voices on the basis of such vocal properties as vocal pitch, accuracy of pronunciation, resonance, and intonation variation and found that the ROK politicians were somewhat poorer at utilizing their voice than the US ones. In particular, they were remarkably poorer at accurate pronunciation, which exerts a significant impact on message passing.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.231-240
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• 2008

In respect complication, group and period, the foreign direct investment of korea is composed of various factors. This paper studies focus on estimating the determinants of foreign direct investment of korea. The region of analysis consist of 7 groups, that is, Asia, Europe, Central and South America, Oceania, Africa, Middle East. Analyzing period be formed over a 67 point(2002. 6${\sim}$2007. 12). In this paper dependent variable setting up an amount of foreign direct investment, explanatory(independent) variables composed of gross domestic product, a balance of current accounts, the foreign exchange rate, employment to population ratio, an average of the rate of operation(the manufacturing industry), consumer price index, the amount of export, wages(a service industry). For an actual proof analysis, LIMDEP 8.0 software, analysis model is random effect in TWECR The result of estimating the determinants of foreign direct investment of korea provides empirical evidences of significance positive relationships between employment to population ratio and wages(a service industry). However this study provides empirical evidences of significance negative relationships between the foreign exchange rate, censurer price index and the amount of export. The explanatory variables, that is, an average of the rate of operation(the manufacturing industry), gross domestic product and a balance of current accounts, are non-significance variables.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.624-637
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• 2020

High-quality and high-phytonutrient watermelon fruits have strong market opportunities besides their health related benefits. Hence, investigating quality and nutritional related traits of watermelon genetic resources could provide important baseline data in breeding for increased lycopene content thereby increasing the marketability of watermelon. To this end, we have examined some fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of 105 genetic resources. Seeds, originally obtained from 22+ countries, were obtained from the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju, South Korea, grown in an experimental field and harvested at a fully mature stage. The size of pistil scar (SPS), the width of stripes (WS), weight of fruit (WF), length of fruit (LF), width of fruit (WIF), the thickness of pericarp (TP), soluble solids content (SSC), fruit shape in longitudinal section, ground color of skin, the intensity of the green color of skin, fruit shape at the apical part, grooving distribution, conspicuousness of stripes, and main color of the flesh were recorded on the field and inside laboratory and the lycopene was measured using spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Watermelon fruits have shown a diverse morphological characters. Red and pink fleshed fruits dominated in the entire collections. Fruits with higher thickness of rind were found to exhibit less soluble solid content (SSC). Korean origin fruits were characterized by intermediate SSC while the United States of America (USA), Russia (RUS), Tajikistan (TJK), Turkmenistan (TKM), Taiwan (TWN), and Uruguay (URY) originated fruits had the highest SSC. The lycopene content varied between 41.37 and 182.82 ㎍/g, 2.81 and 163.72 ㎍/g, and 3.54 and 255.47 ㎍/g using HPLC, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and microplate reader spectrophotometer, respectively. Red- and pink-fleshed fruits had the highest levels of lycopene content compared to the yellow- and orange-fleshed. Lycopene content had a significant positive correlation with SSC, however, no correlations were detected between lycopene and other quantitative fruit morphological characters. Our study demonstrated high diversity exists in fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of the germplasm collections which provide beneficial baseline data for a future breeding program and utilization of watermelon germplasm collections in gene banks for the maintenance and improvement of the current levels of production, marketability, and health-related benefit of watermelon fruits.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.121-145
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• 2008

Northeast Asia is increasingly making a transition to distinctive and crucial region in the 21st Century and growing into one of world's top three economic spheres along with the EU and NAFTA. In 2003, Korean government announced the Northeast Asian economic hub country plan as an important agenda. As a means of coping with the changing global environment, Korean government designated Incheon in 2003 as the country's first Free Economic Zone ahead of Busan and Gwangyang Bay in the south of the country because Incheon has a geographical advantage linking North America and Europe with Incheon International Airport and Incheon Seaport. The purpose of this paper is to make research on establishment and operation of an arbitral body entitled ${\ulcorner}International Arbitration Center{\lrcorner}$ (IAC) within Incheon Free Economic Zone(IFEZ). For the purpose of this, the writer in this paper, reviewed the necessity of the IAC's establishment and its legal basis as well as the role and function of the Center. Also, the writer presented plans for how to operate the IAC and how to cooperate with the key arbitral organizations of foreign countries for the settlement promotion of commercial disputes including trade and investment. With development of the IFEZ, world-renowned enterprises will invest in the Incheon economic bloc and conduct economic activities, business operation, marketing, logistics, financing, etc. In this connection, diverse types of commercial disputes are expected to occur between foreign companies entering the IFEZ and Korean firms. In this connection, the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board(KCAB) has been operating its liaison office in the IFEZ since 2004. However, in view of the increasing arbitration demand, the IAC should be set up in the IFEZ in the near future by the positive support of the government in the respect of both administration and finance because the free economic zone-related law provides for the installation of arbitration organization. For the success of the IAC, the Center will have to provide not only good quality of arbitral services that can satisfy arbitration parties but also need to conduct researches and make efforts so that arbitration can be utilized well in the IFEZ. If the IFEZ can provide advantageous business environments to those multinational enterprises intending to the Incheon economic bloc, the IAC will also contribute to the settlement of commercial disputes arising from the Gaeseong Industrial Complex in North Korea in view of the geographical advantage and logistic benefit of the IFEZ. Finally, this paper also suggests a new model for a joint dispute resolution system by the initiative of Korean government and Korean arbitral organizations for the settlement of commercial disputes within Northeast Asia, for which the CAMCA(Commercial Arbitration and Mediation Center for the Americas) of NAFTA can be a good example.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.325-336
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• 2005

The life form, the origin and the time of introduction of those naturalized plants grown in Jeju-Do, korea were grasped by conducting the documentary survey, and the field survey thereof. The naturalized plants were total 199 taxa including 185 species, 12 varieties and 2 cultivar, which belong to 115 genera, 32 families. The classification of families, there were 43 taxa of Compositae ($21.6\%$), 32 taxa of Gramineae ($16.8\%$), 17 taxa of Legumlinosae ($8.5\%$), and 13 taxa of Cruciferae ($6.5\%$). As the life forms of the naturalized plants in Jeju Island were there 91 taxa of annual plants, 31 taxa of biennial plants, 16 taxa of annual or biennial plants, 57 taxa of perennial plants, and 4 taxa of trees. The distribution of the naturalized plants, the were 29 taxa thereof were located in Jeju Island, 20 taxa in Jeju Island as well as in the southern part of Korean Peninsula, 33 taxa in Jeju Island as well as in the central part of Korean Peninsula, and 117 taxa in the entire area of South Korea. As 89 taxa thereof were originated from America, 69 taxa from Europe, 2 taxa from Africa, 22 taxa from Asia, 1 taxa from Oceania, and 16 taxa from other provinces. As 38 taxa thereof had been introduced into Jeju Island before 1921, 23 taxa from 1922 to 1963, and 138 taxa since 1964.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.441-449
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• 2015

Endlicheria anomala, a neotropical plant, is found in northern South America and the Amazon region. It is traditionally used to remove poisons and cure gangrene. According to recent data, this plant has diverse biological properties such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic properties. However, the anti-cancer effect of E. anomala and its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the anti-cancer effect and the active mechanism of methanol extract of E. anomala (MEEA) in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and human liver cancer cells (HepG2). Our data revealed that MEEA showed cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis both in A549 and HepG2 cells. We verified evidences of apoptosis via formation of chromatin condensation, apoptotic body and accumulation of cells in the subG1 phase. Following observed apoptosis-related phenomena, we found that the induction of apoptosis by MEEA was associated with the increase of tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (WAF1/CIP1) expression. Furthermore, MEEA-induced apoptosis was characterized with proteolytic activation of caspase-3, degradation of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that MEEA may have potential cancer therapeutic utility in A549 and HepG2 cells.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2014

Due to recent interest in user experience and its significance, much research surrounding this theme is now being conducted. In this research, I investigated user experience during usage of a product and the satisfaction acquired by it, as well as the relationship between satisfaction of having used a product and whether the user would be more likely to purchase another product from the same company. The same experiment was conducted in South Korea and the United States of America in order to get more generalized experimental results. I found that amongst the six representative user emotions expressed while using a product, two of them correlated the most. First, 'Satisfaction in Usability' (the emotions aroused by satisfaction with usage or the practicality of the product); and second, 'Discomfort or Displeasure' (uncomfortable or unpleasant emotions expressed while using a product. The above two factors were found to be of the most influence concerning satisfaction of the product. Also 'Satisfaction in Usability' was found to be of the most influence in their preferability towards purchasing an item from the same company in the future. The significance of this finding is that aside from focussing on the attractiveness of the product's exteriors and design, one should be concerned on the ease of usage and effectiveness as well as usability of the product, all of which contribute to how efficiently a consumer will utilize the product. Furthermore, in agreement with previous research concerning the correlation between satisfaction of a product and positive perspective on consecutive purchases, the result of this study shows that the more satisfaction consumers feel after using a product, the more likely they are to purchase additional merchandises from the same company which manufactured the original product.