• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

Being engaged in the musical tasks needs cognitive skills to perceive musical sound, organize them into meaningful unit, store them in the memory and retrieve them when needed. These skills are also required for academic tasks indicating that there is positive correlation between skills for musical and academic tasks. Based on these findings, the study purported to examine whether the developed sessions can enhance cognitive skills which is composed of auditory information skills, which is composed of perceiving sounds, organizing them into groups based on the existing information or organization pattern, and short-term memory skills. Eighteen elementary students in 4, 5, and 6th grades have participated in the study. The study has administered Music Cognitive Skills Test(MCST) before and after implementing music therapy sessions. The MCST consisted of five parts, first one measuring the rhythm imitating skills, second, measuring the melodic imitation skills, third, measuring discriminative skills in identifying higher pitch, fourth, measuring discriminative skills in identifying identical chords, and lastly, measuring the tone retention skills. The results indicated that there was statistical difference between the pre and post test in rhythm and melody imitation skills. Because reproduction of perceived rhythm patterns requires memory skills, imitating patterns are considered cognitive skills. Also melody is defined adding spatial dimension to the rhythm which is temporal concept. Being able to understand melodic pattern and to reproduce the pattern also requires cognitive skills. The subjects have shown significant improvement in these two areas. In other areas, there were definite increase of scores, however, no significant differences. The study also explores interpretation of these results and also observed consistencies among the participants in completing the musical tasks.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.388-394
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• 1997

Temporomandibular (TM) joint Pain results from many etiologic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of Bone SPECT in patients with TM joint pain. The subjects were 34 patients with TM joint pain. All patients underwent plain radiography, planar bone scan, and Bone SPECT The intensity of radioisotope uptake at TM joint was graded into three; no increased uptake above the background activity as grade 0, uptake similar to occipital bone as grade I, and uptake similar to maxillary sinus as grade II. Clinical findings and therapeutic methods were reviewed. Twenty-seven patients (80%) out of 34 patients with TM joint pain had increased uptake in bone SPECT. Twenty-one (78%) out of 27 patients had increased uptake in the mandibular condyle and remaining six patients (22%) had uptake in the mandibular and maxillary arch, which proved to be dental problem. Seven patients (21%) out of 34 were grade as 0, four (12%) were grade I, 23 (68%) were grade II. Four patients with grade I had clicking sound and symptoms which were subsided with medication in all cases. Among 23 patients with grade II, 7 patients had clicking sound and 14 patients underwent medication and decompression therapy. With Planar bone scan, 11 cases (32%) had increased uptake in TM joint area. Plain radiography revealed narrowing, distension, erosion and limitation of TM joint in 16 cases (47%). Bone SPECT can be valuable for screening and managing the patients with TM joint pain. Patients with grade II needed intensive treatment such as joint aspiration. However degree of the radioisotope uptake did not well correlated with clinical symptoms.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.594-602
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of oral health status and oral health care to life. The subjects in this study were the patients who visited dental hospitals and clinics in several regions for seven months from March 2013. They got dental checkups, and a survey was conducted. The patients who received general treatment scored highest in Oral Health Impact Profile-14. Among the subfactors, the patients who received general treatment scored higher in functional limitation (8.27), physical pain (7.24), physical restrictions (7.90), social restrictions (7.79), physical limitations (8.14) and social difficulties (8.24). The patients who received orthodontic treatment scored higher in handicap (8.78). All the differences were statistically significant. As for gender gaps, the men scored higher in every factor. By age group, the older patients led a worse quality of life. By occupation, the homemakers mostly led a worse quality of life, and the patients who had no systemic diseases lived a better quality of life. All the differences were significant. Concerning self-rated health status and self-rated oral health state, the patients who found themselves to be in better health and in better oral health led a better quality of life. The differences were significant. Regarding oral health care, the patients who didn't get regular dental checkups and who could visit a dental clinic whenever they had a pain lived a better quality of life. The differences were significant. In terms of oral health status, a higher quality of life was found among the patients who had sound teeth, whose teeth received no sealant treatment, whose teeth received no filling therapy, who had no missing tooth, whose teeth received no prosthetic treatment and who had no dental implants teeth.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.7239-7247
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• 2014

This study repeated low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to evaluate the effects on cognitive function in chronic stroke patients. Among the chronic stroke patients, 30 patients selected by MMSE-K and BCRS-K were divided randomly into 3 groups. Group I (n=10) had only sound applied, group II (n=10) were applied 1 Hz rTMS on the damaged side and group III (n=10) were applied to 1 Hz rTMS on the opposite side for total 2 weeks, 20 minutes per a day, five times per a week. To examine the change in cognitive function, CREAD-K scores were measured before, 1 week, 2 weeks, and then 3 months after the intervention. The CREAD-K scores were measured before and 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 months after the interventions. The immediate recall memory showed a significant difference after 2 weeks and 3 months in groups II and III (p<.05), The recognition memory showed a significant difference after 2 weeks and 3 months in group III (p<.05). The delayed recall memory showed significant differences after 3 months in group III than in group I (p<.05). Therefore, the application of low-frequency rTMS has a positive influence on the cognitive rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.98-109
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect on improvement of the Activity of Daily Living (ADL) and decrease the cognitive function and agitation behaviors by reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation for senile dementia. The quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Subjects were 26 with mild senile dementia who were cared for at a Day Care Center for Dementia in Seoul. The data were collected from March to July, 1999. Subjects were divided into three groups : Control Igroup with 10 subjects, reminiscence group(Control II group with 8 subjects), and reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation group(experimental group with 8 subjects). The Control I group got routine care as usual. Control II group participated in reminiscence sessions for one hour a day, five times a week , for a period of 4 weeks. The experimental group participated in reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation sessions for one hour a day, five times a week, for a period of 4 weeks. Instruments of this study were color photography with sound that was developed through an open questionnaire about events, objects, humans in action and animals that 100 Korean elderly over 60 would like to memorize. This was referred from the Sensory Stimuli Package by Namazi and Haynes(1994). The effects of treatment was evaluated through MMSE-K by Kwon & Park(1989). Also the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale(BCRS) by Reisberg et al(1983) for the cognitive function, through Agitation Inventory by Cohen- Mansfield and Colleague(1989) for behavioral response and through the Rapid Disability Rating Scale-2(RDRS-2) by Linn & Linn(1982) for the activity of daily living respectively. Data analysis was done using SPSS for $\chi$2- test, ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. Reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation did not improve cognitive function for senile dementia, but significantly improved verbal expression, the subscale of cognitive function. 2. Reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation reduced agitation behavior of experimental group significantly, but there was no significant difference between groups. 3. Reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation did not significantly effect the activity of daily living after treatment. In conclusion, it was shown that the reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation was an effective therapy to improve verbal expression and to reduce agitation behaviors of senile dementia. Further research with more indepth approach is needed, considering characteristic and level individualized for each senile dementia.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.225-238
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• 2002

The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess sexual orientation and Knowledge and attitudes with regards to AIDS in military personnel, and to provide basic data for developing a further sex education program for them. The data were collected in June 2002 on 242 service members of A Branch of the Ground Army located in Chung-Chung Do Region. They responded to a survey questionnaire that consisted of 68 items: 14 items on sexual orientation. 39 items on knowledge about AIDS, and 15 items on attitudes toward AIDS. The data were analyzed using SAS program. The study results are as follows: 1. Sexual orientation of the military personnel 1) In terms of sexual orientaion, harassment and assault, only $26.4\%$ of the subjects responded as, 'know well'. Appropriate awareness of the legal liability was reported by $21.6\%$ of the subjects regarding sexual harassment and $78.1\%$ of the subjects regarding sexual assault. 2) Pre-marital cohabitant was supported by $89.2\%$ of the subjects. 3) The Korean military personnel showed liberal attitudes toward sexuality as $46.4\%$ of them reported having sexual-relationship with the dating partner is acceptable. 4) The attitudes of the most subjects toward homosexuality was found to be unfavorable. 5) Subjects were m the need of appropriate sex education. of which substantial knowledge on sexual intercourse was the most needy area. 2. Knowledge and attitudes toward AIDS of the military personnel 1) The subjects' level of knowledge on AIDS was relatively low, showing the average score of $22.31\pm7.23$ points (range: 0-39 points). The higher level of knowledge was reported by those who had high level of education, father alive. and less number of brothers in their family. 2) The subjects' attitudes toward AIDS was relatively positive. The attitude toward AIDS was also found to be more positive in those who had high level of education and less number of brothers. 3) There was a positive but weak correlation between knowledge and attitude toward AIDS. The study finding showed that the sexual orientaion of the Korean military personnel was moderately positive and liberal. However, their awareness of sexual harassment and assault and AIDS was still found to be low. As Korean enlisted military service men are likely to be in the ages with strong sexual desire, it may be important for them to have appropriate sexual orientation and attitudes toward AIDS. Therefore, it is recommended to develop further practical and sound sex education programs within the military unit in order to meet their education needs as well as to utilize sex education specialists as the instructors of those programs.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to verify human physiological responses to emotional lighting system using LED (light emitting diode) flat lighting. Subjects were ten males in their twenties without medical history to eyes. Colors of LED lighting are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and colorless (white). They were stimulated by LED lighting for 5 minutes. We measured body temperature, heart rate variability (HRV) and electroencephalogram (EEG) before and after color stimulus. In case of EEG analysis, relative power ${\alpha}$ wave ratio decreased in the groups of colorless, red and orange color light. Also, sympathetic nerve was more activated than parasympathetic nerve and the body temperature was increased in the groups of colorless, red, orange, yellow color light. On the other hand, relative power ${\alpha}$ wave ratio increased and parasympathetic nerve was more activated than sympathetic nerve and the body temperature was decreased in the groups of green, blue and purple color light. The results imply that the LED color lighting system in the realistic experiment environment. In the future, studies with compounded both colors and modes according to situation or auditory as nature sound or olfactory as aroma will be required.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.25-35
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• 2021

Middle-aged women experience diverse psychological and physical stresses and tensions through the menopause, aging, and taking up too many social roles, which often leads to sleep disorder. But there are not many scientific researches on the issue. Therefore, the research of efficacy of singing bowl that helps relax middle-aged women who have sleep disorder is needed to improve their health. This study was conducted with Giorgi's phenomenological method with 4 middle-aged women with sleep disorder, whose Pittsburgh sleeping quality scale marked over 5 points, who took part in singing bowl experience for 40 minutes and did the interview. The study resulted in following conclusions that through participants' singing bowl experience, 518 constructive meanings, 15 meaning units, 7 sub components, and 2 group subjects were drawn up. Firstly, when participants took part in the singing bowl experience, they underwent physical, mental, imagery experiences which are physical pain and muscle relaxation, mental relaxation, and positive mindset and imaginary images and colors. Secondly, physical changes that the participants felt after singing bowl experience was increased physical relaxation, improved physical symptoms and more physical activities, and psychologically participants also felt reduced anxiety, increased happiness and positive mentality. And behavioral changes are relaxed movements, increased activities, and improved sleep is huge benefit through changes of sleep pattern. In this study, singing bowl is confirmed to be effective both physically and psychologically on relaxing the middle-aged women's tensions that are caused by sleep disorders and singing bowl experience is meaningful in that the middle-aged women as well as modern people with the sleep disorders can be helped to have better lives.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.209-220
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• 2021

The noise is defined as unwanted sound that causes discomfort and physical changes. This study was conducted to evaluate intensity of noise in the pediatric dental clinic and to investigate noise environment of a pediatric dentist. Human ear shaped microphone and mobile noise level meter were used for recording noise and calculating intensity of noise. By recording according to the method specified by Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) of Korea Ministry of labor and employment, the following results were obtained. For 16 experimental days, 8 hour time weighted average (8hr-TWA) was 49.33 dBA (A-weighted deci-Bell) on daily average with maximum 58.54 dBA and minimum 33.97 dBA. And Dose was 0.49% on daily average with maximum 1.28%, minimum 0.04%. These values are less than criteria of KOSHA standard (85 dBA, 100%). Comparing the highest noise level for each patient, pulp therapy group and Frankel grade I group were the highest. The intensity of dental noise of pediatric dental clinic didn't meet standard of KOSHA. It is necessary to re-evaluate noise environment by establishing new standards considering environment of pediatric dental clinic.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2023

A 12-year-old Standard Poodle presented with intermittent weakness and occasional dyspnea at the Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital of Kangwon National University. A grade of 4 out of 6 systolic murmur with an irregular tachycardic rhythm was auscultated on both sides of the chest. Systolic blood pressure was 140 mmHg. Panting was noticed in the hospital, but there was no crackle sound. Blood analysis revealed mild increases in liver panel levels (alanine aminotransferase 149 [reference interval, 19-70] U/L; and alkaline phosphatase, 185 [reference interval, 15-127] U/L) and severe increases in cardiac biomarker levels (n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, 4169 [reference interval, 50-900] pmol/L; and cardiac troponin I, 0.22 [reference interval, 0.03-0.12] ng/mL). On electrocardiography, irregularly irregular supraventricular tachycardic rhythm with an f-wave and no distinct p-wave was observed. Generalized cardiomegaly with an enlarged right atrium and left ventricle was confirmed on thoracic radiography. Moreover, hepatomegaly and an enlarged caudal vena cava were observed. Echocardiographic evaluation revealed a fibromuscular diaphragm in the right ventricle. Because of the obstructive lesion in the right ventricle, the right atrium and ventricle were enlarged (right atrial area index, 38.82 cm²/m² [reference interval, 4.2-10.2 cm²/m²]; right ventricle end-diastolic area index, 14.152 cm²/m² [reference interval, 4.9-10.92 cm²/m²]). Accordingly, the patient was diagnosed with double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV). Pimobendan, furosemide, enalapril, diltiazem, and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) were prescribed, and all symptoms were relieved. DCRV is a right-sided congenital heart defect resembling pulmonic valve stenosis. If symptoms are not severe, medical therapy can be facilitated without surgery or the balloon dilation.