• Title/Summary/Keyword: Song China

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한국 전통 석가산에 표상된 함의성 (The Implications Representated in Korea's Traditional Sokgasan)

  • 최우영;윤영조;서옥하;윤영활
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2013
  • 한국의 전통 석가산(石假山)은 고려시대 창안되어 조선시대로 계승된 우리의 우수한 석정문화(石庭文化)이다. 이 연구는 고려시대와 조선시대 석가산 문화가 시대 흐름에 따라 석가산 내면에 어떠한 함의성(含意性)을 표상하며 계승되어 왔는지를 분석하였다. 고려시대 산악형 풍경을 모사해 창안한 한국의 전통 석가산은 괴석을 소재로 진산(眞山)을 모사한 작은 인공가산(人工假山)을 만들었다. 그리고 산수풍경을 축경적(縮景的)으로 재현하고 심산유곡의 흥취를 집안에서 와유(臥遊)하며, 풍류를 즐기는 동시에 정서적 안정과 치유라는 실용적 측면의 경물(景物)로서의 심미적 풍경의 산수체험을 석가산을 통해 경험하였다. 이러한 석가산은 내향적으로는 경물 자체의 형식미를 초월하며 불로장생을 염원하는 삼신산(영주, 봉래, 방장)과 도교적 신선사상이 응축된 오악(숭산, 태산, 화산, 항산, 형산)을 표상하며, 신선계(神仙界)를 이상향적으로 나타내고자 하였다. 또한 석가산을 대하며 유교의 요산요수(樂山樂水)의 교훈을 실천해 심성을 가다듬고, 중국의 명산명호(名山名湖)를 모방하는 등 석가산 내면에 다양한 함의성을 포용하며 변천, 발달하였다. 한국의 전통 석가산은 심미적 풍경의 산수체험은 물론 실용적 경물로서의 형식미를 초월하며, 석가산의 심오한 상징적 함의성을 표상하여 무한한 상상의 관념적 공간으로 승화시켰다.

HPLC-UVD/MS를 이용한 농산물 중 ametryn의 분석 (Determination of Ametryn Residue in Agricultural Commodities Using HPLC-UVD/MS)

  • 이수진;김영학;송이슬;정명근
    • 농약과학회지
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.125-133
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    • 2011
  • 국내 미등록 농약인 triazine계 제초제인 ametryn에 대해 HPLC-UVD/MS를 이용한 농산물 시료의 잔류 분석법을 확립하였다. 농산물 시료에 acetone을 가하여 추출된 ametryn의 잔류분은 dichloromethane 분배법과 florisil 흡착 크로마토그래피법으로 정제하여 분석대상 시료로 하였다. $C_18$ 컬럼을 이용한 HPLC 분석 시 불순물의 간섭은 없었으며, 대표 농산물 중 ametryn의 분석정량한계(LOQ)는 0.02 mg/kg이었다. 전체 농산물에 대한 회수율은 81.1~91.1%였으며, 농산물 시료 및 처리수준에 관계없이 10%미만의 분석오차를 나타내어 잔류분석 기준이내를 만족하였다. 본 연구에서 확립한 triazine계 제초제인 ametryn의 잔류분석법은 검출한계, 회수율 및 분석오차 면에서 국제적 분석기준을 만족할 뿐만 아니라, LC/MS SIM을 이용한 잔류분의 재확인과정 및 회수율 검증의 결과를 총괄해 볼 때 분석과정의 편이성 및 신뢰성이 확보된 공정분석법으로 사용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

중의(中醫) 비만(肥滿) 변증(辨證) 연구에 대한 고찰(CNKI 검색을 중심으로) (The Review on the Study of Obesity Pattern Identification in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Research on CNKI)

  • 박원형;차윤엽;송윤경;박태용;김호준;정원석;황의형;신승우;장보형;고성규
    • 한방재활의학과학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.95-106
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    • 2014
  • Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyse research trends about obesity pattern identification in traditional chinese medicine. Methods Electronic searches were performed with China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The first key words were "肥畔", "肥滿" and second key words were "病因", "分型", "病機", "辨證", "分流". We classified the papers by year and content. We investigated frequency of chinese obesity pattern identification. Results 48 studies were finally included. Papers were published between 1987 and 2013. More than half of the total were published since 2009. 36 studies were literature and Paper review studies. 16 studies were clinical research. There were 'qi deficiency', 'spleen deficiency', 'yang deficiency', 'yin deficiency', 'stomach heat ', 'qi stagnation', 'liver qi depression', 'phlegm-dampness', 'phlegm-heat', 'blood stasis' in chinese obesity pattern identification studies. 'Phlegm-dampness' was used most frequently, followed by 'spleen deficiency', 'yang deficiency', 'blood stasis', 'qi stagnation', 'liver qi depression', 'stomach heat ', 'qi deficiency', 'yin deficiency ' and 'phlegm-heat' in literature and paper review studies. 'Phlegm-dampness' was used most frequently, followed by 'yang deficiency', 'spleen deficiency', 'liver qi depression', 'stomach heat ', 'blood stasis ', 'yin deficiency', 'qi deficiency', 'phlegm-heat ' and 'qi stagnation' in clinical research. Conclusions Based on studies of chinese obesity pattern identification, More clinical trials and obesity pattern identification studies are needed.

Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Versus Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with or without Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Meta-analysis of 1,096 Patients from 11 Randomized Controlled Trials

  • Liang, Zhong-Guo;Zhu, Xiao-Dong;Tan, Ai-Hua;Jiang, Yan-Ming;Qu, Song;Su, Fang;Xu, Guo-Zeng
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.515-521
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (the treatment group) versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (the control group) for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: The search strategy included Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Internet Web, Chinese Biomedical Database and Wanfang Database. We also searched reference lists of articles and the volumes of abstracts of scientific meetings. All randomized controlled trials were included for a meta-analysis performed with RevMan 5.1.0. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system (GRADE) was used to rate the level of evidence. Results: Eleven studies were included. Risk ratios of 0.99 (95%CI 0.72-1.36), 0.37 (95%CI 0.20-0.69), 1.08 (95%CI 0.84-1.38), 0.98 (95%CI 0.75-1.27) were observed for 3 years overall survival, 3 years progression-free survival, 2 years loco-regional failure-free survival and 2 years distant metastasis failure-free survival. There were no treatment-related deaths in either group in the 11 studies. Risk ratios of 1.90 (95%CI 1.24-2.92), 2.67 (95%CI 0.64-11.1), 1.04 (95%CI 0.79-1.37), 0.98 (95%CI 0.27-3.52) were found for grade 3-4 leukopenia, grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia, grade 3-4 mucous membrane, and grade 3-4 hepatic hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity, the most significant toxicities for patients. Conclusion: Compared with the control group, induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy was well tolerated but could not significantly improve prognosis in terms of overall survival, loco-regional failure-free survival or distant metastasis failure-free survival.

Prognostic Value of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Expression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Meta-analysis

  • Song, Jian;Su, Hong;Zhou, Yang-Yang;Guo, Liang-Liang
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.1615-1621
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    • 2013
  • Background: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is related to tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the role of MMP-9 expression in breast cancer survival remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to accomplish a more accurate estimation of the association between MMP-9 expression and survival results in breast cancer patients through meta-analysis. Methods: A meta-analysis of published studies investigating the effects of positive MMP-9 expression on both relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed. Relevant literature was confirmed by searching electronic databases including PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) before November 1, 2012. Individual hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled HRs with 95% CIs were used to evaluate the strength of the association between positive MMP-9 expression and survival results of breast cancer patients. Funnel plot and Egger's regression tests were used to evaluate publication bias. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis was also conducted. All the work was completed using STATA. Results: A total of 2,344 patients from 15 evaluative studies were finally included. Pooled HRs and 95% CIs suggested that MMP-9 overexpression had an unfavorable impact on both OS (HR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.41-2.04) and RFS (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.17-2.01) in breast cancer patients. There was no significant heterogeneity observed in the studies reported for OS (P=0.360, $I^2$=8.8%), but not RFS (P=0.002, $I^2$=67%). Publication bias was absent among the studies both in OS and RFS cases (t=-0.54, P=0.605 and t=1.71, P=0.131, respectively). Omission of any single study had little effect on the combined risk estimates on sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that positive MMP-9 expression confers a higher risk of relapse and a worse survival in patients with breast cancer. Larger prospective studies are now needed to evaluate the clinical utility of MMP-9 expression.

Significant Efficacy of Additional Concurrent Chemotherapy with Radiotherapy for Postoperative Cervical Cancer with Risk Factors: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

  • Qin, Ai-Qiu;Liang, Zhong-Guo;Ye, Jia-Xiang;Li, Jing;Wang, Jian-Li;Chen, Chang-Xian;Song, Hong-Lin
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권8호
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    • pp.3945-3951
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    • 2016
  • Background: Whether concurrent chemotherapy treatment is superior to radiotherapy alone as an adjuvant regimen for postoperative cervical carcinoma with risk factors remains controversial. Materials and Methods: A literature search strategy examined Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Internet Web, the Chinese Biomedical Database and the Wanfang Database. Article reference lists and scientific meeting abstracts were also screened. Controlled trials comparing concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in postoperative cervical cancer were included. The methodological quality of non-randomized controlled trials was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Randomized controlled studies were evaluated with the Cochrane handbook. A meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3. Results: A total of 1,073 patients from 11 clinical trials were analysed, with 582 patients in the concurrent chemoradiotherapy group and 491 patients in the radiotherapy group. Hazard ratios (HR) of 0.47 (95% CI 0.31-0.72) and 0.50 (95% CI 0.35-0.72) were observed for overall survival and progression-free survival, indicating a benefit from the additional use of concurrent chemotherapy. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that cervical cancer with high risk factors significantly benefitted from concurrent chemotherapy when examining overall survival (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28-0.67) and progression-free survival (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33-0.70), but patients with intermediate risk factors showed no benefit from concurrent chemotherapy in overall survival (HR 1.72, 95% CI 0.28-10.41) and progression-free survival (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.19-6.14). No significant differences were observed for grade 3-4 anaemia (risk ratio (RR) 3.87, 95% CI 0.69-21.84), grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia (RR 3.04, 95% CI 0.88-10.58), grade 3-4 vomiting or nausea (RR 1.71, 95% CI 0.27-10.96), or grade 3-4 diarrhoea (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.69-2.83). Significant differences were observed for grade 3-4 neutropenia in favour of the radiotherapy group (RR 7.23, 95% CI 3.94-13.26). Conclusions: In conclusion, concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves survival in postoperative cervical cancer with high risk factors but not in those with intermediate risk factors.

고려시대 사람들의 삶과 전통의상에 대한 고찰 (A Study of People's Lives and Traditional Costumes in Goryeo Dynasty)

  • 최규성
    • 복식문화연구
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    • 제12권6호
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    • pp.1060-1069
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    • 2004
  • We can study and judge the costumes of the Three Kingdom period through an ancient tomb murals and various burial mound(clay) figures, however, it is quite difficult to search for costumes of the Goryeo period ($960{\sim}1392$), because dresses from this era were rarely found, related antiquities are limited and hard to survive. This is the reason why people say that the Goryeo Dynasty is the period of undiscovered era for its history of costumes in Korea. Fortunately, these days, there are various kinds of buddhist statues discovered with its burial accessories such as costumes and dyed fabrics of the Goryeo era. Through these, we can glimpse through the Goryeo cloths and develop our researches on this field. In addition, a man called Seo Geung(서긍, the Chinese scholar Xu Jing) wrote a book in the 12th century about peoples lives in Goryeo and in this book, there are few documents about the people's costumes which help us to understand the period's traditional dresses. In this paper, we will look for the traditional costumes which were formed and developed through people's lives in Goryeo, using remains from various burial accessories in buddhist statues as well as the documents related to the costumes written in ${\ll}$Goryeosa 고려사${\gg}$. Moreover, costumes of a period usually developed and influenced by the atmosphere of people's lives both economically and mentally, therefore, in this study, we will especially focus on the dresses of the bureaucratic officials and their wives, who led comfortable lives and latitude of mind. Through the records, like Silla, Goryeo exported Sehjeo(세저) and Sehjoongmapo(세중마포) to China. And we found out that Silla's skillful weaving techniques of hemp and ramie cloths were succeeded to Goryeo. According to above facts, Goryeo people made clothes with various kinds of fabrics such as, different sorts of silks, ramie, hemp cloths and cottons. They also have very skillful manufacturing techniques for certain textiles. Their official robes were generally influenced by Tang and Song Dynasty, but, like ordinary people, we found out that the government officials also wore baji(pants) and a jeogor(jacket), which were traditional costumes since the Unified Silla Kingdom with various coats. Especially, women's costumes such as jeoksam(unlined summer jacket) and hansam(한삼), which are sort of jeogori(jacket), baji(pants) and chima(skirts) were made of various kinds of silks and ramie cloths, that were generated from the Goguryeo Kingdom, with jikryeongpo(a long jacket and striped skirt).

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국내 개가시나무 개체군의 분포 및 동태 (Dynamics and Distribution of Quercus gilva Blume Population in Korea)

  • 현화자;송국만;최형순;김찬수
    • 한국환경생태학회지
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.385-392
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구는 국내 멸종위기식물인 개가시나무의 분포 범위와 국내 자생지 내에서의 생육 특성을 파악하고자 실시하였다. 개가시나무는 참나무과에 속하는 상록활엽 교목으로서 일본, 대만, 중국, 한국 등의 따뜻한 지방에 자라는 난대성 수종이다. 국내에서는 제주도의 해발 80~350 m 내에 분포하였으며, 대부분 제주도 서남부지역의 해발 100~200m에 집중 분포하였다. 개가시나무의 수고는 평균 $9.8{\pm}1.9m$로 9~12 m 사이의 개체가 가장 많았으며, 흉고직경은 평균 $22.6{\pm}6.8$로 20~30cm의 개체가 가장 많았다. 또한 맹아지의 발생으로 다수의 분지가 형성 되었으며, 평균 $3.8{\pm}2.1$개의 맹아로 이루어졌다. 자생지 내에 분포하는 개가시나무의 96.2%에 덩굴식물이 부착되어있으며, 덩굴식물은 15과 18종으로 상록성 덩굴식물인 마삭줄의 비율이 가장 높았다. 덩굴식물이 개가시나무의 수관 형성에 미치는 영향의 정도를 분석한 결과, 9~12 m의 개가시나무에서 수관형성에 영향을 주어 고사된 가지가 확인된 개체가 가장 많았으며, 부착된 덩굴식물의 종 수가 많을수록 높은 영향을 주는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 자생지 내에서 개가시나무의 보존을 위해서는 이들 덩굴식물의 생육에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 관리가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

익산지역에서 황사발생시 PM2.5, PM10 TSP의 농도 특성 (Concentration Characteristics of Atmospheric PM2.5, PM10 and TSP during the Asian Dust Storm in Iksan Area)

  • 강공언;김남송;김경숙;김미경;이현주
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.408-421
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    • 2007
  • The concentration characteristics of atmospheric particle matters (PM) including $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, and TSP were evaluated through the measurement data of PM_{2.5}$ (fine particulate), PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particulate), and PM_{over-10}$ collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in spring of 2006 in Iksan area. During the sampling period of 10-15 March and 24 days from 8 April to 2 May, 32 samples for PM of each size fractions were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ion species. Average concentrations of $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, TSP were $57.9{\pm}44.1mg/m^3$, $96.6{\pm}89.1mg/m^3$, and $114.8{\pm}99.7mg/m^3$, respectively. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions to PM mass were found to be 36.5%, 18.0%, and 11.1% for $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$, respectively. By showing the high concentrations of PM samples during Asian dust events, those three fractions of PM were distinguished between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event. However, the increase of PM concentrations observed during Asian dust events showed a different pattern for some Asian dust events. The differences of those three fractions in the size distribution may depend on differences on place of occurrence of Asian dust storm and course of transport from China continent to Iksan area in Korea. However, the extent of PM mass contribution during Asian dust events was generally dominated by the coarse particles rather than the fine fraction of PM. The variations of water-soluble inorganic ion species concentration in those three PM fractions between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event were also discussed in this study.

농촌 결혼이주여성들의 복지욕구 영향요인에 관한 탐색적 연구 (An Exploratory Study on the Factors Affecting the Welfare Needs of the Rural Marriage Migrant Females)

  • 이영분;최승희;송인석
    • 한국사회복지학
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    • 제62권3호
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    • pp.163-191
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구의 목적은 농촌 결혼이주여성들의 복지욕구의 영향요인을 탐색적으로 확인하고자 하는 것이다. 확률표집을 한 300명의 농촌거주 결혼이주여성의 복지욕구조사결과, 남편의 문제행동 상담에 대한 복지욕구는 정신건강이 나쁠수록, 신체건강이 좋을수록, 연령이 낮을수록, 자국민모임참여가 없는 경우에 높았다. 자녀양육 및 교육관련 욕구는 연령이 낮을수록 베트남 출신 이주여성이 욕구가 상대적으로 높았다. 취업교육욕구는 필리핀, 중국(한족) 출신이주여성이 낮았고, 가족이해정도가 낮을수록 욕구가 높았다. 취업알선욕구는 연령이 높을수록, 지역주민으로서의 소속감이 낮을수록 높았으며, 필리핀 출신 이주여성들이 낮았다. 이러한 결과 등을 고려하여, 이주여성의 연령과 학력, 국적, 지역사회자원 등에 따라 복지서비스를 차별화하여 제공해야 함과 동시에 이주여성의 정신건강에 대해 좀 더 관심과 지원을 기울여야 할 필요성이 제기되었다.

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