• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 2002

The nitrite-scavenging and antimutagenic effects of various solvent extracts from different parts of the loquat. were investigated to develope as source of functional food. The nitrite-scavenging and antimutagenic effects of fractions obtained from methanol extract were most highest in ethyl acetate fraction. Ethyl acetate fraction showed better results in the nitrite scavenging activity of 80% in leaf, 81% in seedless fruit, 73% in peel and 63% in seed. The antimutagenic effect showed strong ethyl acetate fraction of 53.1%, 48.3% in leaf and seedless fruit. The antimutagenic effect increased with increasing concentration of ethyl acetate fraction against mutagenicity induced by direct mutagen of IQ in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. Addition of 2.5 mg and 5 mg of ethyl acetate fraction showed inhibitory effect of 65.5%, 71.2% in leaf and 63.4%, 69.2% in seedless fruit, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2009

Objectives : The present study purposed to examine the effect of Cudraniae Lignum, which is the wooden part of Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae), on cytokine secretion from the joint cells of mice with arthritis induced by collagen and verify its efficacy against rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : We prepared the hot-water extract, ethanol extract and methanol extract of Cudraniae Lignum, and tested their effects on cytokine secretion from the joint cells of mice with arthritis induced by collagen. Results : 1. Cudraniae Lignum reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1$\beta$, INF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 from joint cells. 2. The effect for reducing the secretion of IL-1$\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 was strong in order of methanol extract, ethanol extract and hot water extract. 3. Considering the effect on cytokine secretion, the effective element is soluble in organic solvent, and is not volatile. 4. The ethanol extract and methanol extract of Cudraniae Lignum lowered the survival rate of cells significantly, but still the survival rate was over 92%, suggesting the low toxicity of the extracts. Conclusions : Cudraniae Lignum is considered effective for rheumatoid arthritis, and the effective element is considered soluble in organic solvent.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.677-683
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• 2005

In this work, the effect of additives such as solvent, sodium dodecyl sulfate and NaCl on microemulsion phase behavior and flux removal efficiency in systems containing commercial alkyl ethoxylates nonionic surfactant was investigated. The addition of a n-hydrocarbon as a solvent produced on O/W (Oil/Water) microemulsion phase over a wider range of temperature and cosurfactant to surfactant ratios. Especially, the addition of n-hexadecane to the surfactant system, which was the most hydrophobic solvent among the solvents used in this study, produced a microemulsion phase over a wide range of temperatures and promoted formation of a microemulsion phase at lower temperatures. The candidate for cleaner samples, prepared from phase behavior experiments, showed excellent removal efficiency for abietic acid at $40^{\circ}C$. These data suggested the potential applicability of hydrocarbons to actual cleaner formulations.

• ALGAE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2013

Marine microalgae are a promising source of organisms that can be cultured and targeted to isolate the broad spectrum of functional metabolites. In this study, two species of cyanobacteria, Chlorella ovalis Butcher and Nannchloropsis oculata Droop, one species of bacillariophyta, Phaeoductylum tricornutum Bohlin, and one species of Dinophyceae, Amphidinium carterae (Hulburt) were cultured and biomasses used to evaluate the proximate comical compositions. Among the determined proximate chemical compositions of the cultured marine microalgae, the highest content of crude proteins and lipids were exhibited in P. tricornutum and A. carterae, respectively. Solvent-solvent partition chromatography was subjected to fractionate each of the cultured species and separated n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions. Nitric oxide production inhibitory level (%) and cytotoxicity effect on lipo-polysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were performed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity. N. oculata hexane and chloroform fractions showed significantly the strongest anti-inflammatory activity at $6.25{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ concentration. The cancer cell growth inhibition (%) was determined on three different cell lines including HL-60 (a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line), A549 (a human lung carcinoma cell line), and B16F10 (a mouse melanoma cell line), respectively. Among the extracts, C. ovalis ethyl acetate and A. carterae chloroform fractions suppressed the growth of HL-60 cells significantly at 25 and $50{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ concentrations. Thus, the cultured marine microalgae solvent extracts may have potentiality to isolate pharmacologically active metabolites further using advance chromatographic steps. Hence, the cultured marine microalgae can be described as a good candidate for the future therapeutic uses.

• Composites Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.145-150
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• 2016

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a representative polymer with the piezoelectric property has been studied since the 1960s. Crystalline structure of poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer is composed of five different crystal structure of the polymer as a semi-crystalline. Among the various crystal structures, ${\beta}-type$ crystal exhibits a piezoelectricity because the permanent dipoles are aligned in one direction. Generally ${\beta}-form$ crystal structure can be obtained through the transformation of the ${\alpha}-form$ crystal structure by the stretching and it can increase the amount through the after treatment as poling process after stretching. ${\beta}-form$ crystal structure the PVDF fibers produced by wet spinning is formed through a diffusion mechanism of a polar solvent in the coagulation bath. However, it has a disadvantage that the diffusion path of the solvent remains as pores in the fiber because the fiber solidification occurs simultaneously with the diffusion of the polar solvent. These pores play a role in reducing effect of poling process owing to effect of disturbances acting on the polarization by the electric field. In this work, the drying method using the microwave was introduced to remove more effectively the residual solvent and the pore within PVDF fibers produced through wet-spinning process and piezoelectric PVDF fibers was produced by transformation of the remaining ${\alpha}$ form crystal structure into ${\beta}-crystal$ structure through the stretching process.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.321-334
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate bonding efficacy by means of measuring the effect of remained solvent on Degree of conversion(DC) and ${\mu}TBS$ and FE-SEM examination. Materials and Methods: Two 2-step total etching adhesives and two single-step self etching adhesives were used in this study. First, volume weight loss of 4 dentin adhesives were measured using weighting machine in process of time in normal conditions and calculate degree of evaporation (DE). Reaction/reference intensity ratio were measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy and calculate DC according to DE. Then 2 experimental groups were prepared according to air-drying methods (under, over) and control group was prepared to manufacturer's instruction. Total 12 groups were evaluated by means of micro tensile bond strength and FE-SEM examination. Results: Degree of evaporation (DE) was increased as time elapsed but different features were observed according to the kind of solvents. Acetone based adhesive showed higher DE than ethanol and butanol based adhesive. Degree of conversion (DC) was increased according to DE except for $S^3$ bond. In ${\mu}TBS$ evaluation, bond strength was increased by additional air-drying. Large gaps and droplets were observed in acetone based adhesives by FE-SEM pictures. Conclusions: Additional air-drying is recommended for single-step self etching adhesive but careful consideration is required for 2-step total etching adhesive because of oxygen inhibition layer. Evaporation method is carefully chose and applied according to the solvent type.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.104-118
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• 1995

This study was performed to evaluate factors affecting desorption of organic solvents collected on charcoal tube and to find out the optimum condition. Desorption efficiency for polar analytes was improved when several polar desorption solvents such as methanol, dimethylformamide(DMF), 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol were added to carbon disulfide($CS_2$). The best improvement was achieved when 10% dimethylformamide(DMF) in $CS_2$ was used as desorption solvent. During storage of polar analytes, recovery was greatly reduced. Especially, the recovery of cyclohexanone was decreased to 18.1 % after a month storage at $34^{\circ}C$. After two weeks storage, recovery of polar analytes was sharply decreased. Water adsorbed on charcoal interfered the recovery of polar analytes but didn't interfere that one of nonpolar solvent, toluene. When 10% DMF in $CS_2$ was used as desorption solvent, the effect of water on recovery was decreased, comparing with Desorption efficiency increased when analyte loading increased, and usage of 10% DMF in $CS_2$ decreased the loading effect. Increasing volume of desorption solvent was not effective to improve desorption efficiency of analytes when 10% DMF was used. Continuous shaking and sonication is not helpful to increase the desorption efficiency of analytes except cyclohexanone using 10% DMF. When silica gel used as adsorbent, methanol was better desorbent than dimethylsulfoxide. Analytes adsorbed on silica gel showed high recovery in low concentration and less affected by humidity. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions have been drawn. To improve the recovery of polar organic materials in air samples, it is necessary to analyze samples as soon as possible after they were collected. Otherwise, samples must be stored at low temperature. Using two components of desorption solvents, such as 10% DMF in $CS_2$, the effects of loading and humidity decreased for polar analytes such as methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone. When work place has high humidity with low concentration of polar organic solvents, silica gel can be used as adsorbent, because it produces quantitative recovery for polar analytes at this condition. But it should be noted that high humidity makes breakthrough easy in silica gel samples.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2006

Cloud-point data to $160^{\circ}C$ and 1,000 bar are presented with poly(ethylene-co-15.3 mole% octene) copolymers ($PEO_{15}$) in pure 1-octene and mixtures of ethylene - 1-octene. The cloud-point curves for $PEO_{15}$ - ethylene - 1-octene mixture dramatically increase in pressure to as high as 1,000 bar with an increasing ethylene concentration. At ethylene concentrations less than 18 wt%, the ternary mixture has bubble- and cloud-point curves. As the ethylene concentration of the ternary mixture increases, the bubble-point curve and the single-phase region reduce. The reduction in the single phase region with increasing ethylene concentrations is the result of reduced dispersion interactions between $PEO_{15}$ and the mixed solvent. The single-phase region decreases with increasing temperatures when ethylene concentrations are lower than 36 wt%, whereas the single-phase region increases with temperatures at ethylene concentrations greater than 50 wt%. At ethylene concentrations greater than 50 wt% the effect of the polar interactions of the mixed solvent, which is unfavorable to dissolve PEO, is greater than the effect of the density of the mixed solvent. Therefore, the cloud-point pressures increase with a decreasing temperature. However, at ethylene concentrations less than 50 wt%, the cloud-point pressures decrease with temperature, because the effect of the polar interactions is less than the density effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.240-245
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• 1999

Growth inhibitory effect of doenjang(Korean soypaste) methanol extracts in SRB assay using AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cell, Hep 3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cell and HT 29 human colon cancer cell was studied. The treatment of doenjang methanol extracts(2mg/assay) to the AGS, Hep 3B and HT 29 cancer cells inhibited the growth of the cancer cells by 55%, 60%, and 71%, respectively. Doenjang methanol extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect among other soybean fermented foods and original materials in the SRB assay. In addition, to separate active compounds of doenjang methanol extracts, we fractionated the doenjang with hexane, methanol, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and butanol. Growth inhibitory effect on the AGS, Hep 3B, HT 29 and MG 63 cancer cells was the highest in the fractions of dichloromethane and ethylacetate among other solvent fractions of the doenjang. These results showed that some compounds contained in the fractions of dichloromethane and ethylacetate might play a role on the anticanceric effect of doenjang.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2014

Clematis mandshurica (Ranunculaceae) has traditionally been used as a remedy for antidiuretic, antifungal, rheumatic conditions and alleviate pain. We carried out to evaluate the anti-oxidative effect, anti-inflammatory effect and anti-melanogenic effect of ethanol extract and solvent fractions of Clematis mandshurica. The ethanol extract and the dichloromethane fraction of Clematis mandshurica showed an anti-oxidative effect in DPPH assay, the inhibitory activity of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cell, and melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity of B16F10 melanoma cells. They reduced NO production and melanin content in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}g/ml$. They also suppressed iNOS and tyrosinase protein and m-RNA expressions dose dependently, assayed by western blot analysis and RT-PCR experiment.