• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.511-516
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• 2004

A Li$[Co_{0.17}Li_{0.28}Mn_{0.55}]O_2$ cathode compound was prepared by a simple combustion method. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that this compound could be classified as ${\alpha} -NaFeO_2$ structure type with the lattice constants of a = 2.8405(9) ${\AA}$ and c = 14.228(4) ${\AA}$. According to XANES analysis, the oxidation state of Mn and Co ions in the compound were 4+ and 3+, respectively. During the first charge process, the irreversible voltage plateau at around 4.65 V was observed. The similar voltage-plateau was observed in the initial charge profile of other solid solution series between $Li_2MnO_3\;and\;LiMnO_2$ (M=Ni, Cr...). The first discharge capacity was 187 mAh/g and the second discharge capacity increased to 204 mAh/g. As the increase of cycling number, one smooth discharge profile was converted to two distinct sub-plateaus and the discharge capacity was slowly decreased. From the Co and Mn K-edge XANES spectra measured at different cyclic process, it can be concluded that irreversible transformation of phase is occurred during continuous cycling process.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1548-1562
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• 2003

This paper is the first of several companion papers which compare the methods of Air-fuel ratio determination. There are many methods which calculate Air-Fuel ratio from exhaust emission. Most of them are based on the simple chemical equations, which use balance of atom, and the error of the calculation is negligible as far as the instrumentation accuracy is guaranteed. They assume homogeneous mixture and complete combustion to the extent of oxygen availability. Because of these simple assumptions, they cannot offer the information about the fuel distribution state and the malfunction of instrument. For these limitations, Eltinge offered new one based on stricter mathematical model. This result coincides with the others very well and gives more information about the mixture state and instrumentation. Consequently this might be a general solution for Air-fuel ratio determination and exhaust composition. The objects of the calculation, however, were not commercial fuels except gasoline and the compensation method of unburned hydrocarbon was not appropriate to recent analyzer. Moreover he did not consider the fuel which contains oxygen, such as methanol, ethanol and blend of gasoline-alcohol. In this paper, Eltinge chart is expanded to the arbitrary fuel composition as the reference exhaust compositions for the purpose of further discussions about Air-fuel ratio determination methods and the charts fur gasoline, diesel, methanol, M85, liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), natural gas(NG), propane, butane are illustrated.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2008

고유가 대응방안으로 저등급 석탄의 효과적인 활용기술에 대해 고찰하였다. 현재 산업체에서 사용하는 석탄 중에 갈탄과 아역청탄이 저등급 석탄에 속하며 매장량이 풍부하고 세계적으로 고르게 분포되어 있지만 높은 수분 함량과 자연발화 가능성으로 인해 활용이 많이 되지 않고 있다. 본 논문에서는 저등급 석탄으로부터 화학적 정제기술을 이용하여 초청정석탄을 제조하는 기술에 대하여 고찰하였다. 회분 제거기술인 UCC 공정과 가연성분 추출기술인 Hyper Coal 공정을 비교하였다. 회분 제거기술인 UCC(Ultra Clean Coal) 공정은 Hyper Coal 공정에 비해 단순하다는 장점이 있지만 생성물의 회분 농도가 0.1% 이상으로 높다. 가연성분 추출 기술인 Hyper Coal 공정은 용매추출과 이온제거공정 등 구성은 복잡하지만 회분이 200ppm 이하로 생성된다. 초청정석탄은 오일과 동일 등급의 초 청정연료로써 산업용 석유를 대체하고 장기적으로는 IGCC와 IGFC, 그리고 차세대 고도연소기술의 연료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1652-1660
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• 1990

본 연구에서는 원관내에서 복사에 관여하는 고온의 가스유동에 의한 복사열전 달과 대류열전달간의 상호작용에 대해 실험과 수치해석을 통하여 고찰하고자 한다. 실험으로는 프로판가스의 화염생성에 의한 속도, 온도 및 벽면에서의 열유속분포를 측 정하고, 수치적으로는 냉염(cold flame) 상태서 측정한 난류요동성분과 연소시의 입구 속도와 온도를 초기조건으로 하여 밀도와 점성계수의 온동에 따른 변화를 고려한 K-.epsilon. 모델과 구조화근사법 및 최근에 개발되어 사용되기 시작한 Weighted Sum of Gray Gas- es모델을 사용하여 속도, 온도 및 열유속 분포를 계산하여 수치해석의 결과와 실험결 과를 비교함으로써 모델의 타당성을 검증하고, 복사에 의한 열전달량과 대류에 의한 열전달량을 분리하여 각 모드가 온도분포 및 열유속분포에 미치는 영향을 고찰하고자 한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.1133-1140
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• 2013

컴퓨터 해석모델은 물리현상을 바탕으로 단순화된 모델을 구축하고 해를 구하는 유용한 도구이나, 많은 경우 단순화 가정 또는 입력변수 정보의 미비나 불확실성으로 인해 실제와 차이가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제에 대해 베이지안 확률이론을 이용하여 실측데이터를 통해 해석모델을 보정하는 방법을 소개하고 이를 파이로 작동기구의 탄소성 압착 문제에 적용한다. 파이로 작동기구는 고에너지의 재료를 원격으로 폭발시켜 작동하는 장치로 그 작동의 신속한 계산을 위해서 단순한 수학모델을 구축하고 실험데이터를 토대로 미지의 입력변수를 확률적으로 보정하였다. 이 때, 확률적 추정을 위해서는 현대적 계산통계기법의 하나인 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 기법을 이용하였으며, 최종적으로 그 결과를 압착거동해석에 활용하여 작동기구의 신뢰도를 평가하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2008

The diesel engine of the merchant ship has been aperated in severe environments more and more, because the temperature of the exhaust gas of a combustion chamber is getting higher and higher with increasing use of heavy oil of law quality, due to the significant increase in the price of oil in recent some years. As a result, the degree of wear and corrosion between exhaust valve and seat ring is more serious compared to other engine parts. Thus the repair welding of exhaust valve and seat ring is a unique method to prolong the life of the exhaust valve, from an economical point of view. In this study, the corrosion property of both weld metal and base metal was investigated using electrochemical methods such as measurement of corrosion potential, cathodic and anodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammogram, and polarization resistance in 5% H2SO4 solution. The test specimen was a part of an exhaust valve stem being welded as the base metal, using various welding methods. In all cases, the corrosion resistance as well as hardness of the weld metal zone was superior to the base metal. In particular, plasma welding showed relatively good properties for both corrosion resistance and hardness, compared to other welding methods. In the case of DC SMAW (Shielded metal arc welding), corrosion resistance of the weld metal zone was better than that of the base metal, although its hardness was almost same as the base metal.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2016

Carbon Capture and Storage technologies are recognized as key solution to meet greenhouse gas emission standards to avoid climate change. Although MEA (monoethanolamine) is an effective amine solvent in $CO_2$ capture process, the application is limited by high energy consumption, i.e., reduction of 10% of efficiency of coal-fired power plants. Therefore the development of new solvent and improvement of $CO_2$ capture process are positively necessary. In this study, improvement of $CO_2$ capture process was investigated and applied to Test Bed for reducing energy consumption. Previously reported technologies were examined and prospective methods were determined by simulation. Among the prospective methods, four applicable methods were selected for applying to 0.1 MW Test Bed, such as change of packing material in absorption column, installing the Intercooling System to absorption column, installing Rich Amine Heater and remodeling of Amines Heat Exchanger. After the improvement construction of 0.1 MW Test Bed, the effects of each suggested method were evaluated by experimental results.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.174-179
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• 2021

Recently, hybrid coal research is underway to upgrade low-grade coal. The hybrid coal is made by mixing low-grade coal with bioliquids such as molasses, sugar cane, and lignin. In the case of lignin used here, a large amount of lignin is included in the wastewater of the papermaking process, and thus, research on hybrid coal production using the same is attracting attention. However, since a large amount of metal ions are contained in the lignin wastewater from the papermaking process, substances that corrode the generator are generated during combustion, and the amount of fly ash is increased. To solve this problem, it is essential to remove metal ions in the lignin wastewater. In this study, metal ions were removed by ion exchange with a alumina hollow fiber membrane coated with K-Phillipsite (K-PHI) zeolite. The alumina hollow fiber membrane used as the support was prepared by the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method, and K-PHI seeds were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The prepared K-PHI seed was seeded on the surface of the support and coated by secondary growth hydrothermal synthesis. The characteristic of prepared coating membrane was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), and the concentration of metal ions before and after ion exchange was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The extraction amount of K+ is 86 mg/kg, and the extraction amount of Na+ is 54.9 mg/kg. Therefore, K-PHI zeolite membrane has the potential to remove potassium and sodium ions from the solution and can be used in acidic lignin wastewater.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.915-923
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• 2023

As environmental regulations on carbon emissions are strengthened worldwide, the existing internal combustion engine-centered automobile industry is being reformed. In particular, large buses and large cargo trucks are pointed out as one of the main causes of environmental destruction due to excessive carbon emissions. The E-Highway power collection system, which has recently been proposed as a solution, uses the vehicle's battery as a backup power source or regenerative braking, depending on whether the pan head of the pentograph installed in the vehicle is in contact with the overhead line. It is used to store the excess energy generated. However, wear through contact due to continuous contact reduces the current collection effect and causes failure. In this paper, by using the current difference, the horizontal position information of the panhead in contact with the overhead line is acquired, thereby reducing the abrasion of the conductor and the panhead Make it possible to follow the overhead line. The position estimation method proposed in this paper simply configures a device that can detect the position of the overhead line of the pantograph by the difference in resistance. It is economical and has the advantage of reducing the volume. The characteristics of the pantograph estimating the location of overhead lines were analyzed using the difference between the two currents of the current collector, the feasibility of the positioning estimation system was verified through simulations and experiments.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1071-1079
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• 2011

본 연구는 다량의 중금속을 함유하는 폐석탄 광산에 적치된 폐석으로부터 발생하는 침출수의 안정화를 위해 석탄회를 안정화제로서의 적용성을 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 석탄폐석에 석탄회를 적용하여 컬럼시험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 석탄회의 pH는 비산재와 바닥재가 각각 11.1, 9.7의 강알칼리성을 갖는 것으로 나타나 강산성 조건의 폐석 (pH 3.5)를 교정하였으며 유기물을 비롯하여 식물 생장에 필요한 영양소인 인산, 칼슘 등을 함유하는 것으로 나타나 폐석과 혼합할 경우 비옥도가 개선될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 2) 폐석만을 충진한 컬럼에서 발생하는 침출수의 pH는 3.5~4.0의 수준을 시험기간 동안 지속적으로 유지하는 것으로 나타나지만, 석탄회의 처리량에 따라 40% (pH 5.0~6.0) > 20% (pH 4.5)로 나타나고, 동일 처리량 (40%)의 처리방법에 따른 효율성은 완전혼합 (pH 5.0~6.0) 방법이 층위처리 (pH 4.0~4.5)에 비해 pH 상승효과가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 3) 침출수의 Ca과 Mg의 함량은 4 pore volume까지 빠르게 용탈되다 그 이후부터 안정화 되었으며 석탄회에서 용탈된 Ca과 Mg의 영향으로 폐석에 함유되었던 Cu, Pb, As, 및 Al 등이 탄산이온 ($CO_3^{2-}$) 또는 수산화이온 ($OH^-$)과 불용성 화합물을 형성하여 안정화 되는 것으로 사료된다. 4) 철의 용존함유량에 대한 분석결과 석탄회 처리구의 용존량이 석탄회를 40% 층위처리한 처리구를 제외하고 대조구에 비해 약 8-74% 정도 감소하는 것으로 조사되었다. 5) 석탄회를 이용한 폐석의 중화 및 철의 용존량 감소 효율성을 평가한 결과 폐석의 중화 효율성은 석탄회를 40% 완전혼합한 경우 가장 높았으며 철의 용존량 감소 효율성은 석탄회를 20% 완전혼합한 경우가 가장 좋은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 석탄회를 이용하여 현장에서 폐석을 처리할 경우 약 20-40%의 석탄회를 처리해야 높은 효율성을 얻을 수 있을것으로 사료된다.