• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.12 no.6 s.53
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• pp.447-452
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• 2005

The synthesis and consolidation of titanium silicide by electro-discharge-sintering has been investigated. As-received Ti powder was in flaky shape and the mean particle size was $45.0{\mu}m$, whereas the mean particle size of the pre-milled Si powder with angular shape was $8.0{\mu}m$. Single pulse of 2.5 to 5.0 kJ/0.34g-elemental Ti and pre-milled Si powder mixture with the composition of $Ti-37.5at.\%$ Si was applied using $300{\mu}F$ capacitor. The solid with $Ti_5Si_3$ phase has been successfully fabricated by the discharge with the input energy more than 2.5kJ in less than $129{\mu}sec.$ Hv values were found to be higher than $1000kgf/mm^2$. The formation of $Ti_5Si_3$ occurred through a fast solid state diffusion reaction.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2010

Composites of LSCF($La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_{3-\delta}$) and CGO (gadolinium doped ceria)-based ceramics are logical candidate cathode materials with CGO electrolytes. LSCF with perovskite structure was synthesized and investigated by Solid State Reaction (SSR) method used as cathode materials for SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell). The optimized temperature was $1100^{\circ}C$ to synthesize $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_{3-\delta}$ with rhombohedral structure. The polarization resistance of the LSCF/CGO (50:50 wt.%) was smaller than that of other composite cathodes. The analysis of the EIS data of LSCF/CGO suggests that the diffusion and adsorption-desorption of oxygen can be the key process in the cathodic reaction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.3397-3406
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• 2012

Three types of spherulitic morphologies have been investigated in dual substrate mode of Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) type reaction system. Prior to growth of spherulites, three distinct patterning behaviors have been observed sequentially during the reaction process. Initial and the early-phase of reaction showed the emergence of concentric ring-like wave patterns. A colloidal-state of reaction consists of numerous fine solid particles, which forms primarily some nucleation centers of dendritic characters. The nucleation centers were found to grow in sizes and shapes with the progress of reaction. It leads to growth of dendritic-like spherulitic crystal patterns. The resultant spherulites showed transitions in their morphologies, including sea-weeds and rhythmic spherulitic crystal patterns, by the effects substituted organic substrate and in the higher concentration of bromate-initiator respectively. The branching mechanism and crystal ordering of spherulitic textures were studied with help of optical microscope (OPM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Characteristics of crystal phases were also evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Results indicated that the compositions of reactants and crystal orderings were interrelated with morphological transitions of spherulites as illustrated and described.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.2583-2588
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• 2013

A new type of solid and gel-state ionics based on siloxane pyridinium iodides was synthesized and used as electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells. The resulting electrolytes were characterized by $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy, TGA and diffusion coefficient. The synthesized siloxane pyridinium iodide electrolytes have characteristics of different chain length of siloxane moieties. The ion conductivities were given 2.7-3.2 S/cm. Among the three SiDPIs based electrolytes, DSSC employing the SiDPI2 gives an open circuit voltage of 0.704 V, a short-circuit current of 15.85 $mA/cm^2$ and conversion efficiency of 6.8% under light intensity of 100 $mW/cm^2$. In addition, the performance of the DSSCs showed relatively reasonable compared with the propylpyridinium iodide (PPI) electrolyte.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 1999

Langasite($La_3Ga_5SiO_14$) is a new piezoelectric material which is similar to quartz, LN($LiNbO_3$) and LT($LiTaO_3$) in its acoustic behavior. In this study, pure Langasite and Lagnasite family groups were synthesized by the solid state reactions in air. The diffusion species for synthesis were investigated and the sintered body was studied on dielectric property to comparison of characteristics. Also, Langasite single crystals were grown by self-designed Czochralski system and characterized.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2014

Single crystal growth of $BaFe_{12}O_{19}$ by the solid state crystal growth method was attempted. Seed crystals of ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ were pressed into pellets of $BaFe_{12}O_{19}$ + 2 wt% $BaCO_3$ and heat-treated at temperatures between $1150^{\circ}C$ and $1250^{\circ}C$ for up to 100 hours. Instead of single crystal growth taking place on the seed crystal, BaO diffused into the seed crystal and reacted with it to form a polycrystalline reaction layer of $BaFe_{12}O_{19}$. The microstructure, chemical composition and structure of the reaction layer were studied using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), x-ray Diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman scattering and confirmed to be that of $BaFe_{12}O_{19}$. XRD showed that the reaction layer shows a strong degree of orientation in the (h00)/(hk0) planes in the sample sintered at $1200^{\circ}C$. $BaFe_{12}O_{19}$ layers with a degree of orientation in the (hk0) planes could also be grown by heat-treating an ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ seed crystal buried in $BaCO_3$ powder.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.355-374
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• 2014

An analytical solution of the fully coupled system of equations governing the plane strain deformation of a poroelastic medium with anisotropic permeability and compressible fluid and solid constituents is obtained. This solution is used to study the consolidation of a poroelastic clay layer with free permeable surface resting on a rough-rigid permeable or impermeable base. The stresses and the pore pressure are taken as the basic state variables. Displacements are obtained by integrating the coupled constitutive relations. The case of normal surface loading is discussed in detail. The solution is obtained in the Laplace-Fourier domain. Two integrations are required to obtain the solution in the space-time domain which are evaluated numerically for normal strip loading. Consolidation of the clay layer and diffusion of pore pressure is studied for both the bases. It is found that the time settlement is accelerated by the permeability of the base. Initially, the pore pressure is not affected by the permeability of the base, but has a significant effect, as we move towards the bottom of the layer. Also, anisotropy in permeability and compressibilities of constituents of the poroelastic medium have a significant effect on the consolidation of the clay layer.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2536-2539
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• 2008

A study has been made on how to occur inertial oscillations in a rotating flow. The flow is considered to be induced by differentially-rotating top and bottom disks with infinite radius. The top and bottom disks are assumed to be set in motion over a finite initial start-up time duration from initial solid body rotation ($\Omega$) to each finial state, i.e., the top disk is rotating at the angular velocity (${\Omega}+{\Delta}{\Omega}$) and the bottom disk (${\Omega}-{\Delta}{\Omega}$). The system Reynolds number, which is a reciprocal of conventional Ekman number in rotating flows, is very high so that a boundary layer flow near disks is pronounced. From a strict theoretical analysis, it is clearly found the fact that inertial oscillation in a rotating flow is caused by excessive input of torque during start-up phase. Above finding comes from the following physics of theoretical result: in the case of abrupt start-up within very shorter time-duration than spin-up time scale, the inertial oscillation is magnified but it could be completely depressed in the case of mildly accelerated start-up, i.e., start-up process being established over diffusion time scale.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.15-18
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• 1999

A simple mathematical model for facilitated mass transport through a fixed site carrier membrane was derived by assuming an instantaneous, microscopic concentration (activity) fluctuation. The current model demonstrates that the facilitation factor depends on the extent of concentration fluctuation, the time scale ratios of diffusion to chemical reaction and the ratio of the carrier concentration to the solute solubility in matrix. The model was examined against the experimental data on oxygen transport in membranes containing metallo-porphyrin carriers, and the agreement was exceptional (within 10% error). The basic concept of this approach was applied to separate olefin from olefin/paraffin mixtures. A proprietaty carrier, developed here, resulted that the selectivity of propylene over propane was more than 120 and the propylene permeance exceed 40 gpu.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.251.2-251.2
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• 2013

Natural photosynthesis utilizes two proteins, photosystem I and photosystem II, to efficiently oxidize water and reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Artificial photosynthesis which mimics this process achieve water splitting through a two-step Z-schematic water splitting process using man-made synthetic materials for hydrogen fuel production. In this study, Z-scheme system was achieved from the hybrid materials which composed of hydrogen production part as photosystem I protein and water oxidizing part as semiconductor BiVO4. Utilizing photosystem I as the hydrogen evolving part overcomes the problems of existing hydrogen evolving p-type semiconductors such as water instability, expensive cost, few available choices and poor red light (>600 nm) absorbance. Some problems of photosystem II, oxygen evolving part of natural photosynthesis, such as demanding isolation process and D1 photo-damage can also be solved by utilizing BiVO4 as the oxygen evolving part. Preceding research has not suggested any protein-inorganic-hybrid Z-scheme composed of both materials from natural photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis. In this study, to realize this Z-schematic electron transfer, diffusion step of electron carrier, which usually degrades natural photosynthesis efficiency, was eliminated. Instead, BiVO4 and Pt-photosystem I were all linked together by the mediator gold. Synthesized all-solid-state hybrid materials show enhanced hydrogen evolution ability directly from water when illuminated with visible light.