• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 2000

After manufacturing the electrochromic device (structure: ITO glass/$WO_3$/electrolyte/$V_2O_5$/ITO;glass) by using of sol-gel process and evaporation, optical properties and migration effect were investigated. The result shows that electrochromic device with heat treated (at water vapor ambient, $500^{\circ}C$, 1 hour) sol-gel coated $WO_3$ and $V_2O_5$ films had the highest transmittance variance. Electrochromic devices are based on the reversible insertion of guest atoms into structure of the host solid. But after cyclic operation, we find that the tungsten in $WO_3$ film and the indium in ITO film were migrated with each other. For the purpose of blocking migration, tungsten barrier film is inserted between ITO and $WO_3$ film. The result of cyclic voltamogram and the Auger depth profile show that the peak separation of cyclic voltamogram is reduced to below 1/10 and we could effectively block the indium and tungsten migration that is caused by flow of Li ions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.591-591
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• 2016

최근에는 재이용을 위한 하 폐수의 처리 공정에 막을 이용한 기술적용이 증가되고 있는 추세이다(현 등, 2005). 막(membrane)을 이용한 수처리 공정은 원수에 상관없이 고도처리가 가능하며, 재이용수 이용 용도에 따른 수질제어가 가능할 뿐만 아니라 운용의 편리성 때문에 많은 각광을 받고 있다(박 등, 2004). 본 연구에서는 하수처리에 이용되는 분리막의 성능을 극대화하고, 분리막의 오염부하를 줄여주기 위하여 분리막 직전 전처리 시설로 부상방식의 고액분리장치를 개발하였다. 초고속 고액분리시스템은 기존의 응집부상공정을 응용한 기술로서 유기물의 응집시간을 최대 10초~2분 이내로 줄이는 기술을 바탕으로 타워형 모듈 형태로 개발하였다. 초고속 고액분리시스템과 분리막을 연계한 재이용수 수처리시스템의 성능 평가 및 현장적용을 위해 제주도 서부 하수 처리장에 일 $3,000m^3$ 규모의 Test-bed를 구축하였다. 구축된 하수재이용시스템의 처리 공정도는 "유입${\rightarrow}$고액분리시스템${\rightarrow}$분리막(UF, RO)${\rightarrow}$농경지 공급"으로 구성되어 있다. 먼저 하수처리장 방류수를 1차 유입조에 압송하면 전처리시설인 고액분리시스템을 통해 SS 등 입자성 물질이 처리되고, 다음 공정인 2차 처리공정(UF/RO)을 통과한 처리수는 인근지역의 농업용수로 공급되고 있다. 고액분리시스템은 ZT(Zeta Potential Tower) 모듈에서 유입수에 함유되어 있는 부유물질(SS), 유기물(질소, 인)을 응집제와 순간 반응시켜 응결, 응집, 부상방식으로 제거하는 공정이다. 고속 고액분리장치는 분리막 공정과 융 복합하여 다양한 유입수 성상에 따른 수처리를 가능하게 하여 재이용수 수질 향상뿐만 아니라 안정된 수자원 확보 측면에서 긍정적인 기술로 평가되었다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.69-75
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• 2020

This study was conducted to improve the solid-liquid separation efficiency of clarifiers. To do so, the study did a bio-flocculation experiment simply by controlling the stirring speed (rpm) and baffle angle of a clarifier on a lab scale, but without using a coagulant. For the purpose of the experiment, the feed wall of a clarifier was so improved that a baffle could be installed on the clarifier. Then, it was ensured to change its stirring speed (to 0.0rpm, 0.6rpm, and 1.2rpm), with the angle fixed at 10°. As a result, it was found that concentration efficiency increased by 2.0%, and effluent removal efficiency (SS concentration) by 7.8%, at a stirring speed of 0.6ppm. This indicates the bio-coagulation efficiency of sludge increased with changing stirring speeds. Then, the baffle angle of the sedimentation unit was changed to analyze how the changed baffle angle would affect the sedimentation of sludge. As a result, it was found that the compression of sludge interface was very effective at a baffle angle of 20°. It is hoped that these experimental findings will be useful in improving the sedimentation efficiency of circular clarifiers.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.76-89
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• 2022

The Lophius litulon liver was used as raw material for the extraction of fish oil via various extraction methods. The extraction rate by water extraction, potassium hydroxide (KOH) hydrolysis and protease hydrolysis were compared and the results revealed the protease hydrolysis extraction had a higher extraction rate with good protein-lipid separation as observed by optical microscope. Furthermore, subsequent experiments determined neutrase to be the best hydrolytic enzyme in terms of extraction rate and cost. The extraction conditions of neutrase hydrolysis were optimized by single-factor experiment and response surface analysis, and the optimal extraction rate was 58.40 ± 0.25% with the following conditions: enzyme concentration 2,000 IU/g, extraction time 1.0 h, liquid-solid ratio 1.95:1, extraction temperature 40.5℃ and pH 6.5. The fatty acids composition in fish oil from optimized extraction condition was composed of 19.75% saturated fatty acids and 80.25% unsaturated fatty acids. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were 8.06% and 1.19%, respectively, with the ratio (6.77:1) surpassed to the recommendation in current researches (5:1). The results in this study suggest protease treatment is an efficient method for high-quality fish oil extraction from Lophius litulon liver with a satisfactory ratio of DHA and EPA.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2023

The global demand for raw lithium materials is rapidly increasing, accompanied by the demand for lithiumion batteries for next-generation mobility. The batch-type method, which selectively separates and concentrates lithium from seawater rich in reserves, could be an alternative to mining, which is limited owing to low extraction rates. Therefore, research on selectively separating and concentrating lithium using an electrodialysis technique, which is reported to have a recovery rate 100 times faster than the conventional methods, is actively being conducted. In this study, a lithium ion selective membrane is prepared using lithium lanthanum titanate, an oxide-based solid electrolyte material, to extract lithium from seawater, and a large-area membrane manufacturing process is conducted to extract a large amount of lithium per unit time. Through the developed manufacturing process, a large-area membrane with a diameter of approximately 20 mm and relative density of 96% or more is manufactured. The lithium extraction behavior from seawater is predicted by measuring the ionic conductivity of the membrane through electrochemical analysis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.428-437
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• 2023

A simultaneous analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of prohibited fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics including norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin, released by aquaculture in seawater and effluents. The samples were filtered, and extracts were obtained using a solid phase extraction cartridge with methanol (MeOH). The extracts were concentrated, and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Two different columns and four different mobile phases were compared to achieve optimal separation and sensitivity for target compounds. Typical validation parameters including linearity, recovery of surrogate standard, instrument detection limit (IDL), limit of quantification (LOQ), and method detection limit (MDL) were evaluated. The linearity of calibration curves was over 0.999. Recoveries of surrogate ranged from 87.6% to 113%. The LOQ of target compounds was approximately 3-8 times lower than those reported in previous studies. The IDL and MDL were 0.06-0.57 and 0.06-0.37 ng/L, respectively. Seven effluent samples collected from an aquaculture located in Jeju were analyzed; however, not all target compounds were detected in the samples, suggesting that the banned antibiotics were not used. Overall, this established method was able to simultaneously analyze the three FQ antibiotics, and may be useful for monitoring prohibited antibiotics in the fishery industry.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2000

A lab-scale MF membrane reactor was installed to investigate the membrane permeability, characteristics of membrane fouling at each conditions, and quality of permeate (liquid livestock manure) in the separation of solid-matters using membrane. Experiment was divided three filtration type such as follows; continuous filtration, gravity filtration, and intermittent filtration. As a result of experiment, flux 1 LMH was maintained for 7days, and trans-membrane pressure(TMP) was increased gradually under 10cmHg, but it was increased immediately after 10cmHg, respectively. However, the flux was increased, the Tmax was decreased exponential more and more. During the pure-flux test, most of the fouling of membrane was reversible. At the gravity filtration, permeate could be obtained as 1.75 LMH for 3.5days without any other electronic pressure. As an investigation of membrane surface, this study could be decided that the reason of fouling at the lower flux (Run 1 and 2) was attached matters in membrane surface, but at the higher flux (Run 4-6) was concentration polarization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.961-972
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• 2008

In 2004, total emissions of Greenhouse Gases(GHGs) in Korea was estimated to be about 590 million metric tons, which is the world's 10th largest emissions. Considering the much amount of nation's GHG emissions and growing nation's position in the world, GHG emissions in Korea should be reduced in near future. The CO$_2$ emissions from two sub-sections of energy sector in Korea, such as thermal power plant and industry section(including manufacturing and construction industries), was about 300 million metric tons in 2004 and this is 53.3% of total GHG emissions in Korea. So, the mitigation of CO$_2$ emissions in these two section is more important and more effective to reduce the nation's total GHGs than any other fields. In addition, these two section have high potential to qualitatively and effectively apply the CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage) technologies due to the nature of their process. There are several CCS technologies applied to these two section. In short term, the chemical absorption technology using amine as a absorbent could be the most effectively used. In middle or long term, pre-combustion technology equipped with ATR(Autothermal reforming), or MSR-$H_2$(Methane steam reformer with hydrogen separation membrane reactor) unit and oxyfuel combustion such as SOFC+GT(Solid oxide fuel cell-Gas turbine) process would be the promising technologies to reduce the CO$_2$ emissions in two areas. It is expected that these advanced CCS technologies can reduce the CO$_2$ avoidance cost to $US 8.5-43.5/tCO$_2$. Using the CCS technologies, if the CO$_2$ emissions from two sub-sections of energy sector could be reduced to even 10% of total emissions, the amount of 30 million metric tons of CO$_2$ could be mitigated.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.157-181
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• 2020

Sediments from rivers, lakes and marine ports serve as end points for pollutants discharged into the water, and at the same time serve as sources of pollutants that are continuously released into the water. Until now, the contaminated sediments have been landfilled or dumped at sea. Landfilling, however, was expensive and dumping at sea was completely banned due to the London Convention. Therefore, this study applied contaminated sedimentation soil of 'Royal Palace Livestock Complex' as soil purification method. Soil remediation methods were applied to pretreatment, composting, soil washing, electrokinetics, and thermal desorption by selecting overseas application cases and domestically applicable application technologies. As a result of surveying the site for pollutant characteristics, Disolved Oxigen (DO), Suspended Solid (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) exceeded the discharged water quality standard, and especially SS, COD, TN, and TP exceeded the standard several tens to several hundred times. Soil showed high concentrations of copper and zinc, which promote the growth of pig feed, and cadmium exceeded 1 standard of Soil Environment Conservation Act. In the pretreatment technology, hydrocyclone was used for particle size separation, and the fine soil was separated by more than 80%. Composting was performed on organic and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminated soils. TPH was treated within the standard of concern, and E. coli was analyzed to be high in organic matter, and the fertilizer specification was satisfied by applying the optimum composting conditions at 70℃, but the organic matter content was lower than the fertilizer specification. As a result of continuous washing test, Cd has 5 levels of residual material in fine soil. Cu and Zn were mostly composed of ion exchange properties (stage 1), carbonates (stage 2), and iron / manganese oxides (stage 3), which facilitate easy separation of contamination. As a result of applying acid dissolution and multi-stage washing step by step, hydrochloric acid, 1.0M, 1: 3, 200rpm, 60min was analyzed as the optimal washing factor. Most of the contaminated sediments were found to satisfy the Soil Environmental Conservation Act's standards. Therefore, as a result of the applicability test of this study, soil with high heavy metal contamination was used as aggregate by applying soil cleaning after pre-treatment. It was possible to verify that it was efficient to use organic and oil-contaminated soil as compost Maturity after exterminating contaminants and E. coli by applying composting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.523-529
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• 2011

This study has been performed to examine the influence of the size of particles on the stabilization in the aerobic stabilization equipment connected with MBT system. The biodegradable waste inside the reactor (60% of food waste, 25% of paper waste, 2% of wood waste and 5% of compost) has been charged in same composition. The degree of stabilization was compared and analyzed after charging with adjustment of particle size in 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm and state of no separation. The experiment revealed that highest temperature beyond $65^{\circ}C$ was shown in the particle size of less than 50 mm in change of temperature and the highest temperature was about $50^{\circ}C$ in reactor of 100 mm and no separation. The proportionality between generated quantity of $CO_2$ and particle size was not observed, even the highest in generated quantity was shown in over 100 mm. The weight changes based on wet and dry conditions in the reaction process showed the 30% and 46% of reduction in the smallest particle size of 5 mm and it showed the trend of the lower reduction rate at the bigger particle size. The water soluble $COD_{Cr}$ and TOC showed the reduction rate of 60% in reactor of particle size in 100 mm and no separation while the reduction rate comparing to the initial stage of reaction in the reactor of less than 50 mm was 80%. Such result derived the conclusion of acceleration in the decomposing stabilization of biodegradable material due to the decomposing rate of organic substance as the particle size of biodegradable waste gets smaller. It is concluded as necessary to react in adjustment under 50 mm of particle size as much as possible.