• 한국조경학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2014

조경용 녹음수가 하절기 옥외공간에서 인간이 느끼는 열쾌적성에 미치는 효과를 객관적으로 검증하기 위하여 수형이 서로 다른 미국참나무, 배롱나무, 참느릅나무 등 세 종의 수목를 선정하여 일사차단율과 평균복사온도 저감 효과를 비교분석하였다. 또한, 주기적으로 수관부 사진을 촬영하여 수관부의 변화특성도 비교 검토하였다. 일사량과 건구온도, 흑구온도를 현장에서 자동으로 계측 기록할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하여 각 수목의 수관 하부에 지면으로부터 1.1m 위치에 설치하고, 2013년 4월 1일부터 동년 11월 30일까지 매 분 단위로 기록될 수 있도록 설정하였다. 수관의 천공차폐율 분석결과, 비교적 일정한 상태를 유지한 것으로 나타난 2013년 6월 1일부터 동년 8월 30일까지의 자료 중, 우천과 이상 기상일 자료를 제외한 오전 10시에서 오후 2시까지의 자료를 통계 분석에 이용하였다. 10분 단위 평균값으로 환산된 총 6,640건의 흑구온도와 건구온도를 바탕으로 평균복사온도를 환산하였으며, 이를 각 시험구의 일사량과 비교 분석하였다. 분석 대상 기간 중 미국참나무와 배롱나무, 참느릅나무 수관부의 평균 천공차폐율은 각각 99%, 98%, 97%였으며, 각 수관하부에 도달한 평균 태양 복사량은 $106W/m^2$, $163W/m^2$, $202W/m^2$로 대조구의 $823W/m^2$와 비교했을 때, 최소 75%이상이 차단된 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 평균복사온도의 경우, 각각 $30.34^{\circ}C$, $33.34^{\circ}C$, $34.77^{\circ}C$로 계산되어 대조구의 $46.0^{\circ}C$와 비교했을 때, 적게는 $10^{\circ}C$에서 많게는 $16^{\circ}C$까지 수목의 수관부에 의해서 저감된 것으로 나타났다. 일사량과 평균복사온도의 관계를 회귀분석한 결과, 매우 밀접한 선형관계를 형성하고 있었으며, 설명력도 매우 높게 분석되었다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해서 하절기 옥외공간에서 녹음수의 수관은 일사량의 상당부분을 차단함으로써 인간이 체감하는 열쾌적성을 개선하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다는 점을 객관적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 옥외공간에 더 많은 녹음수와 숲을 조성하여 그늘 지역을 증가시킴으로써 인간의 하절기 옥외활동에 부정적 영향을 주고 있는 불필요한 열에너지를 현격하게 저감시켜 쾌적한 열환경을 효과적으로 조성할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1057-1072
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• 2017

In order to investigate the effect of air temperature reduction on an urban neighborhood park, air temperature data from five inside locations (forest, pine tree, lawn, brick and pergola) depending on surface types and three outside locations (Suwon, Maetan and Kwonsun) depending on urban forms were collected during the summer 2016 and compared. The forest location had the lowest mean air temperature amongst all locations sampled, though the mean difference between this and the other four locations in the park was relatively small ($0.2-0.5^{\circ}C$). In the daytime, the greatest mean difference between the forest location and the two locations exposed to direct beam solar radiation (brick and lawn) was $0.5-0.8^{\circ}C$ (Max. $1.6-2.1^{\circ}C$). In the nighttime, the mean difference between the forest location and the other four locations in the park was small, though differences between the forest location and locations with grass cover (pine tree and lawn) reached a maximum of $0.9-1.7^{\circ}C$. Comparing air temperature between sunny and shaded locations, the shaded locations showed a maximum of $1.5^{\circ}C$ lower temperature in the daytime and $0.7^{\circ}C$ higher in the nighttime. Comparing the air temperature of the forest location with those of the residential (Kwonsun) and apartment (Maetan) locations, the mean air temperature difference was $0.8-1.0^{\circ}C$, higher than those measured between the forest location and the other park locations. The temperatures measured in the forest location were mean $0.9-1.3^{\circ}C$ (Max. $2.0-3.9^{\circ}C$) lower in the daytime than for the residential and apartment locations and mean $0.4-1.0^{\circ}C$ (Max. $1.3-3.1^{\circ}C$) lower in the nighttime. During the hottest period of each month, the difference was greater than the mean monthly differences, with temperatures in the residential and apartment locations mean $1.0-1.6^{\circ}C$ higher than those measured in the forest location. The effect of air temperature reduction on sampling locations within the park and a relatively high thermal environment on the urban sampling locations was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with a high sky view factor and surface types with high evapotranspiration potential (e.g. grass) showed the maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the low-rise building area, with a high sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, while in the nighttime the area with high-rise buildings, and hence a low sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted by surrounding high-rise building surfaces. The effect of air temperature reduction on the park with a high thermal environment in the city was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with high sky view factor and surface types (e.g., grass) with evapotranspiration effect showed maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the high sky view factor area (low-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, but in the nighttime the low sky view factor area (high-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted surrounding high-rise building surfaces.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.121-132
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• 2021

Green facade has a significant impact on building's energy performance by controlling the absorption of solar radiation and improving outdoor thermal comfort through shading and evapotranspiration. In particular, since high-density building does not enough green space, green facade, and rooftop greening using artificial ground plants are highly utilized. However, the level of cooling effect according to plant traits and irrigation control is different. Therefore, in this study, the cooling effect analyzed for a total of 4 cases by controlling the irrigation condition based on hedera and spurge. Although hedera under sufficient water had the highest cooling effect(-2℃~-4℃), had the lowest cooling effect under non-irrigation(+1.1℃~+4.4℃). In addition, hedera under sufficient water had cooling effect than hedera under non-irrigation(-1℃~-8.1℃) and in the case of spurge, it had cooling effect(-0.3℃~-7.8℃) more than non-irrigation. As a result of measuring the amount of transpiration according to the light intensity (PAR) and carbon dioxide concentration conditions, transpiration of hedera was higher than the spurge (respectively 0.63204mmolm^-2s^-1, 0.674367mmolm^-2s^-1). The difference in the cooling effect of the green facade under irrigation condition was significant. But the potential cooling effect of green facade according to plants species was different. Therefore, in order to maximize and continuously provide the cooling effect of green facade in urban areas, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of plants and the control of water supply through the irrigation system.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2017

본 연구는 태양일사에 의하여 가열되는 온실상단에 고온의 태양잉여열을 축열조에 축열한 후 이를 이용하여 온실을 난방하는 히트펌프시스템의 실증연구에 관한 것으로 히트펌프시스템은 축열조를 구비하고, 각종 열교환을 위한 판형열교환기, 팬코일유닛 그리고 부가적인 에너지원으로 태양일사를 직접 집열할 수 있는 태양집열기로 구성되어 있다. 히트펌프시스템은 R410a냉매를 사용하며 일반적인 히트펌프시스템과 마찬가지로 외기열원만으로도 운전될 수 있으며, 온실내부의 설정온도에 따른 제어로직에 따라 외부조작없이 온실상단열의 축열운전, 외기공기에 의한 외기열원 및 축열조의 온수를 히트펌프의 작동 없이 난방하는 다수의 운전방식이 자동적으로 운전되도록 하였다. 개발된 축열식 히트펌프의 현장평가 성능실험을 위하여 제주시 조천리에 있는 $100m^2$ 크기의 온실에 설치하고 10월부터 12월까지 운전하였다. 실증연구 실험을 수행한 결과로써 외기열원을 이용하여 난방 할 경우 난방열량은 19.9 kW의 용량을 얻을 수 있었으며, 온실상단의 잉여열에 의하여 축열조의 온수로 히트펌프운전 없이 직접 난방 할 경우에 난방열량은 21.4 kW로 외기난방과 비슷한 난방용량을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.213-213
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• 2012

It has been known that quantum confinement effect of CdSe nanocrystal was observed by increasing the number of deposition cycle using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Here, we report on thermally-induced quantum confinement effect of CdSe at the given cycle number using spin-coating technology. A cation precursor solution containing $0.3\;M\;Cd(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$ is spun onto a $TiO_2$ nanoparticulate film, which is followed by spinning an anion precursor solution containing $0.3\;M\;Na_2\;SeSO_3$ to complete one cycle. The cycle is repeated up to 10 cycles, where the spin-coated $TiO_2$ film at each cycle is heated at temperature ranging from $100^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$. The CdSe-sensitized $TiO_2$ nanostructured film is contacted with polysulfide redox electrolyte to construct photoelectrochemical solar cell. Photovoltaic performance is significantly dependent on the heat-treatment temperature. Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) increases with increasing temperature, where the onset of the absorption increases from 600 nm for the $100^{\circ}C$- to 700 nm for the $150^{\circ}C$- and to 800 nm for the $200^{\circ}C$- and the $250^{\circ}C$-heat treatment. This is an indicative of quantum size effect. According to Tauc plot, the band gap energy decreases from 2.09 eV to 1.93 eV and to 1.76 eV as the temperature increases from $100^{\circ}C$ to $150^{\circ}C$ and to $200^{\circ}C$ (also $250^{\circ}C$), respectively. In addition, the size of CdSe increases gradually from 4.4 nm to 12.8 nm as the temperature increases from $100^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$. From the differential thermogravimetric analysis, the increased size in CdSe by increasing the temperature at the same deposition condition is found to be attributed to the increase in energy for crystallization with $dH=240cal/^{\circ}C$. Due to the thermally induced quantum confinement effect, the conversion efficiency is substantially improved from 0.48% to 1.8% with increasing the heat-treatment temperature from $100^{\circ}C$ to $200^{\circ}C$.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2017

Purpose: Many design index that are using in planning phase have been developed. The most popular things among them are Window to Wall Ratio and Surface to Volume Ratio. However there are some limits. Window to Wall Ratio cannot consider building size and Surface to Volume Ratio cannot do Window to Wall Ratio. Accordingly, in this paper, the Window to Floor Ratio was proposed that it can be considered both building size and Window to Wall Ratio. And analyzed correlation of energy demand. Method: For the test, 16 modules with the size of $6m{\times}6m{\times}4m$ were used to make 35 models with the same volume. The simulation was conducted to 945 cases using the window-to-wall ratio of 30, 50 and 70 % in three areas such as Seoul, Gwangju and Jeju and three kinds of windows. And IES_VE was used. Result: The findings above show that the Window to Floor Ratio that can be considered both building size and Window area have to become as design index. It was found out that design criteria with SHGC is necessary, not with the thermal performance (U-value). It is needed to additional analysis about residential building and the effect of 24-hours heating and cooling condition. It plans to carry out research to establish design indicators for climatic conditions in the country and building applications.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.21
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• pp.219-219
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• 2008

Energy harvesting from the environment has been of great interest as a standalone power source of wireless sensor nodes for ubiquitous sensor networks (USN). There are several power generating methods such as thermal gradients, solar cell, energy produced by human action, mechanical vibration energy, and so on. Most of all, mechanical vibration is easily accessible and has no limitation of weather and environment of outdoor or indoor. In particular, the piezoelectric energy harvesting from ambient vibration sources has attracted attention because it has a relative high power density comparing with other energy scavenging methods. Through recent advances in low power consumption RF transmitters and sensors, it is possible to adopt a micro-power energy harvesting system realized by MEMS technology for the system-on-chip. However, the MEMS energy harvesting system hassome drawbacks such as a high natural frequency over 300 Hz and a small power generation due to a small dimension. To overcome these limitations, we devised a novel power generator with a spiral spring structure. In this case, the energy harvester has a lower natural frequency under 200 Hz than a normal cantilever structure. Moreover, it has higher an energy conversion efficient because shear mode ($d_{15}$) is much larger than 33 mode ($d_{33}$) and the energy conversion efficiency is proportional to the piezoelectric constant (d). We expect the spiral type MEMS power generator would be a good candidate as a standalone power generator for USN.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.281-281
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• 2010

Very low refractive index (<1.4) materials have been proved to be the key factor improving the performance of various optical components, such as reflectors, filters, photonic crystals, LEDs, and solar cell. Highly porous SiO2 are logically designed for ultralow refractive index materials because of the direct relation between porosity and index of refraction. Among them, ordered macroporous SiO2 is of potential material since their theoretically low refractive index ~1.10. However, in the conventional synthesis of ordered macroporous SiO2, the time required for the crystallization of organic nanoparticles, such as polystyrene (PS), from colloidal solution into well ordered template is typical long (several days for 1 cm substrate) due to the low interaction between particles and particle - substrate. In this study, polystyrene - polyacrylic acid (PS-AA) nanoparticles synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization method have hydrophilic polyacrylic acid tails on the surface of particles which increase the interaction between particle and with substrate giving rise to the formation of PS-AA film by simply spin - coating method. Less ordered with controlled thickness films of PS-AA on silicon wafer were successfully fabricated by changing the spinning speed or concentration of colloidal solution, as confirmed by FE-SEM. Based on these template films, a series of macroporous SiO2 films whose thicknesses varied from 300nm to ~1000nm were fabricated either by conventional sol - gel infiltration or gas phase deposition followed by thermal removal of organic template. Formations of SiO2 films consist of interconnected air balls with size ~100 nm were confirmed by FE-SEM and TEM. These highly porous SiO2 show very low refractive indices (<1.18) over a wide range of wavelength (from 200 to 1000nm) as shown by SE measurement. Refraction indices of SiO2 films at 633nm reported here are of ~1.10 which, to our best knowledge, are among the lowest values having been announced.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.403-418
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• 2018

This study conducted synoptic and mesoscale analyses to understand the cause of Japan Tsukuba tornado development, which occurred at 0340 UTC 6 May 2012. Prior to the tornado occurrence, there was a circular jet stream over Japan, and the surface was moist due to overnight precipitation. The circular jet stream brought cold and dry air to the upper-level atmosphere which let strong solar radiation heat the ground with clearing of sky cover. A tornadic supercell developed in the area of potentially unstable atmosphere. Sounding data at Tateno showed a capping inversion at 900 hPa at 0000 UTC 6 May. Strong insolation in early morning hours and removal of the inversion instigated vigorous updraft with rotation due to vertical shear in the upper-level atmosphere. This caused multiple tornadoes to occur from 0220 to 0340 UTC 6 May 2012. When comparing Tateno's climatological temperature and dew-point temperature profile on the day of event, the mid-level atmosphere was moister than typical sounding in the region. This study showed that tornado development in Tsukuba was caused by a combination of (a) topography and potential vorticity anomaly, which increased vorticity over the Kanto Plain; (b) vertical shear, which produced horizontal vortex line; and c) thermal instability, which triggered supercell and tilted the vortex line in the vertical.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.174-174
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• 2010

Gallium Nitride(GaN) attracts great attention due to their wide band gap energy (3.4eV), high thermal stability to the solid state lighting devices like LED, Laser diode, UV photo detector, spintronic devices, solar cells, sensors etc. Recently, researchers are interested in synthesis of polycrystalline and amorphous GaN which has also attracted towards optoelectronic device applications significantly. One of the alternatives to deposit GaN at low temperature is to use Single Source Molecular Percursor (SSP) which provides preformed Ga-N bonding. Moreover, our group succeeds in hybridization of SSP synthesized GaN with Single wall carbon nanotube which could be applicable in field emitting devices, hybrid LEDs and sensors. In this work, the GaN thin films were deposited on c-axis oriented sapphire substrate by MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) using novel single source precursor of dimethyl gallium azido-tert-butylamine($Me_2Ga(N_3)NH_2C(CH_3)_3$) with additional source of ammonia. The surface morphology, structural and optical properties of GaN thin films were analyzed for the deposition in the temperature range of $600^{\circ}C$ to $750^{\circ}C$. Electrical properties of deposited thin films were carried out by four point probe technique and home made Hall effect measurement. The effect of ammonia on the crystallinity, microstructure and optical properties of as-deposited thin films are discussed briefly. The crystalline quality of GaN thin film was improved with substrate temperature as indicated by XRD rocking curve measurement. Photoluminescence measurement shows broad emission around 350nm-650nm which could be related to impurities or defects.