• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1045-1058
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• 2017

This paper is a study on railway tunnel behavior characteristic of shallow overburden under the existing road. In order to understand the behavior characteristics of the ground deformation during tunnel excavation, a horizontal rod extensometers were installed in the passage area of the shallow overburden tunnel under the road, and the measurement and analysis were carried out. To compare the in situ measurement, three dimensional numerical analysis with ground condition and construction step was carried out using MIDAS NX. As a result of the field measurement, large preceding settlement occurred where the poor ground condition with shallow overburden excavation has been conducted. As a result of the numerical analysis, the largest settlement occurred at the shallow overburden point where the ground condition was poor. Therefore, in the shallow overburden section where the soil condition is poor and a sufficient depth can't be secured and the arching effect of the ground around the tunnel can't be expected, careful attention should be paid to the application of stiffness reinforcement measures and to minimize ground loosening.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2017

Permeating injection is commonly known as an ideal type of injection in grouting reservoir embankment, yet often-combined permeating and fracturing injection grouting operation can disturb the original soil. A grouting method has been regarded as effective and developed to ameliorate the possible disturbance problem. It involves compaction grouting with low expansive pressure near the injection hole and repetitive injection and compaction with grout material that allows ideal permeating injection. This thesis develops Hybrid Grout (ie. HG grout) that allows various application in any ground condition combined together, has high fineness and low viscosity, and expands permeation injection to silty sand. It researches on the injection effect of permeable compaction grout which is done with PC packer and is a combination of HG grout and expansion agent to obtain permeation compaction effect on the area near grout injection spot by developing Permeable Compaction Type Packer(ie. PC packer). As the developed PC packer, HG grout, and and expansion agent (HI-E) are applied to reservoir embankment reinforcement grouting, possibile permeation compaction effect that satisfies reservoir embankment grouting standard is confirmed according to the research.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.243-253
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• 2011

This paper describes an analytical study on seismic performance of domestic reinforced concrete (RC) school building not designed by seismic provision. The seismic index and the seismic performance of the building were evaluated through Japanese standard and Midas Gen, respectively. Seismic index (Is) of the RC school buildings in the X-direction is below 0.4. Based on the seismic index, for seismic-strengthening the building, infill shear wall or steel brace with a capacity of 1,300 kN was used. According to nonlinear static analysis results, the contribution of the seismic-strengthening to the shear resistance of the school building was measured to be greater than 30%. However, as expected, shear strength of school building strengthened with infill wall dropt rapidly after peak load and much narrower ductile behavior range was observed compared to steel brace strengthened building. Also, the building strengthened with steel brace showed 30% larger spectral displacement than that strengthened with infill shear wall. In nonlinear dynamic analysis, for the time history analysis, the maximum displacement showed tendency to decrease as amount of reinforcement increased, regardless of strengthening method. It was recommended that variable soil properties and earthquake record should be considered for improving seismic performance of buildings in seismic zone.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2016

This study provides the numerical model to assess retrofit and strengthen levels in the dispersal and combat facilities. First of all, it is verified that direct-hitting projectiles are more destructive to the structures rather than close-falling bombs with explosion tests. The protective capacity of dispersal and combat facilities, which are modeled with soil uncertainty and structural field data, is analyzed through finite element method. With structural survivability and facility data, the logistic regression model is drawn. This model could be used to determine the level of the retrofit and strengthen in the dispersal and combat facilities of contact areas. For more reliable model, it could be better to identify more significant factors and adapt non-linear model. In addition, for adapting this model on the spot, appropriate strengthen levels should be determined by hands on staffs associated with military facilities.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.536-544
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• 2021

In the present study, safe management and value improvement of bamboo sunblind, which is an item of cultural heritage, were performed by adopting stable conservation treatment methods. The bamboo sunblind used in the present study was excavated from No. 1 catchment site in Baesanseongji, Busan. It was determined that the main material used to make the sunblind was bamboo, and herbal plants were used to weave the bamboo using lacquer as an adhesive agent. All contaminants and soil adhered to the sunblind was removed. Thereafter, the sunblind, which was recovered in the form of blocks, was washed separately after fixing it to a temporary plaster frame and to avoid the blocks from breaking during washing. Then, polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnation was utilized for the reinforcement treatment. Based on the preliminary test results, the shape of the sunblind was fixed using a stainless-steel frame to prevent physical damage that may occur during the drying process. Thereafter, the bamboo sunblind was vacuum freeze-dried. PEG 20% (in ethyl alcohol) was applied as a surface treatment agent for stabilization the sunblind. After the surface treatment, the bamboo sunblind were joined together to fit the maximum width, and the rectangular shape of the sunblind was restored-as best as possible-while filling in the missing parts by maximizing the use of unknown members such as in the disturbed layers below bamboo sunblind surface. The conservation treatment was completed by fixing the bamboo sunblind into the fabricated frame.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.635-650
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• 2018

Many people have been recognized that the Korean Peninsula is no longer safe area from the earthquake by the recent earthquakes occurred in the country. The earthquakes that occurred at Pohang and Gyeongju appeared differently from them considered in the seismic design and researches on the seismic design method have been also conducted by many researchers. Studies on seismic loads are mainly focused on existing superstructures, and research involving them has been actively carried out in reality. However, paper regarding structural stability of reinforcement from seismic load such as soil-nails, rock-bolts, ground anchors which were constructed to ensure stability of serviced structure have been published rarely. In this study, ground anchor been effected by static load and seismic load which is settled in the weathered rock is analyzed. Results for static load are obtained from field test and seismic load is from numerical analysis. In this study, the behavioral characteristics of the ground anchor were analyzed by numerical analysis in case of seismic loading based on the result of the in-situ tensile test of the ground anchor settled weathered rock. As a result, settlement of concrete block due to application of tension force for ground anchor occurred as well as following loss of axial force for ground anchor. Also, as bond length and period of seismic load are longer, increasement of displacement is greater.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.372-381
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• 2019

In this study, the National Disaster Management System (NDMS) was analyzed to evaluate the disaster impact assessment standards for steep slopes. Problems in the assessment methods and systems were discovered, which could be reasons for poor reliability. The disaster-risk evaluation index needs improvement to evaluate various types of retaining walls, such as concrete/reinforced soil walls and reinforcing stone masonry. Additionally, using the same score for overturning, bulging, and efflorescence could be reasons for poor reliability, and different weighting factors are needed. Assessment methods are needed to subdivide the social influence evaluation index while considering environmental conditions of steep slopes, such as railroads and reservoirs. For the evaluation of steep slopes, standards for start and end points of steep slopes should be created for effective management, and disaster impact assessment needs to be performed after redevelopment from an advanced index for protection and reinforcement. These problems were derived from a current evaluation system, so a disaster impact assessment is necessary to supplement the results of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2019

The grouting method is utilized to reinforce and waterproof poor grounds, enhance the bearing capacity of structures damaged resulting from settlement due to elevation and vibration or differential settlement, and for cutoff. The purpose of this research is to enhance the compressive strength of grout materials by using aramid fiber and develop a high-strength ground improvement method by using blast furnace slag powder. In this regard, this study has conducted a uniaxial compression test after checking the high charge (higher than 50%) of the ratio of blast furnace slag powder and cement at 100:0, 70:30 and 40:60%, adding the aramid mixture based on 0, 0.5 and 1.0% of the cement and furnace slag powder weight and creating sand gels based on surface oiling rate of 0.7 and 1.2%. For the environmental review evaluation, a heavy metal exudation test and a pH test measurement have been conducted. The experiment results showed that 1% increase of aramid fiber led to 1.3 times greater uniaxial compression intensity. As for the hexavalent chrome, a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder led to approximately 50% decrease in heavy metal exudation. However, the pH test revealed that a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder resulted in approximately 0.5 increase in pH. Further research on the pH part is needed in the future.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

Recently, the ground injection method using water glass as one of the components of the main resources and the products of the construction has some basic problems for permanent reinforcement of foundation and stopping leakage of water because it has some serious problems such as durability reduction, compression strength reduction and eluviation. This study was to evaluate the environmental impact and durability of the developed friendliness of Natural and Durable Stabilizer(NDS) of inorganic injection and Space Grouting Roket(SGR) with typical water glass type material. Two materials, NDS and SGR, were compared with each other by unconfined compressive strength test, fish poison test, durability test and triaxial permeability test. The results of the durability test indicated that the 28-day strength of the NDS was 1.5 times higher than that of the SGR. The fish poison test proved that the survival rate in the SGR and NDS is 50~70%, and 100%, respectively. Therefore, the NDS has higher survival rate than that of the existing SGR. The NDS will be considered by an environmentally friendly product and moreover it has a few problems for soil and groundwater pollution.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.5-15
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• 2021

One of the construction methods applied as a pier foundation type is a single type cast-in-place pile. In applying a pile bent system as a foundation type, the main concern in designing can be said to secure the lateral bearing capacity of pile structure in system. In addition, to increase the rigidity of the pile structure, a method of increasing the lateral bearing capacity by reinforcing the pile structure with a casing has been used. However, although the reinforcing effect and appropriate reinforcing length of casing may vary depending on the soil conditions, there is insufficient studies on this, and for this reason, the entire pile structure in a pile bent system is reinforced with a casing, in the field. In addition, if the length of the entire pile is reinforced with a casing, it may lead to delays in construction and increase in construction costs. That is, in order to more effectively reinforce the pile structure with a casing, it is necessary to study the lateral bearing characteristics of the reinforced pile structure in system. And it should be determined the appropriate reinforcing length of the casing from the evaluated bearing characteristics. Therefore, in this study, the lateral bearing characteristics of piles applied with the reinforcing length of casing for each condition were evaluated through a numerical analysis. And, based on the analysis results, the appropriate reinforcing length of casing was proposed. As a result of the study, it was found that in order to effectively increase the lateral bearing capacity of pile structure, the reinforcing length of casing should be applied twice the influence range of the bending behavior of the pile, 1/β.