• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

In order to efficiently manage groundwater resources, it is necessary to establish clear definition about the rights to use groundwater because it directly governs the interests of various stakeholders, from users to policy makers. In this paper, we examined the characteristics of Korea's rights to use groundwater through legal precedents, public recognition, laws, and institutional stipulaton. Inclarity about the scope and definition of the right, and the absence of legal basis ruling the exclusion and duration of groundwater use have entailed numerous cases of legal disputes between the parties with incompetible interests. In the perception survey, various responses were obtained from the surveyee regarding the scope of rights perceived by groundwater users, how to respond to groundwater shortages, and opinions about expanding public uses of groundwater. In Korea, the legal authority to use groundwater is governed by different laws while considering groundwater as both private and public property. In foreign countires, the right to use water is separated from property ownership, and it limits the volume and pumping rate of groundwater during a specified period. In order to better manage groundwater resources, it is necessary to come up with a public consensus on the right to use groundwater by considering the opinions of various stakeholders and accomodating them in adminstrative effort in directing groundwater management.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2012

최근 상추와 같은 농산물에 의한 식중독사고가 발생하고 있으며 그 원인으로 병원성 미생물에 오염된 퇴비, 관개용수의 사용이라고 보고되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 육묘단계의 상토, 재배과정의 토양, 관개용수의 Escherichia coli와 Bacillus cereus 오염이 상추의 안전성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 상토는 두 균주로 7.5log CFU/g 수준으로 오염시킨 후 상추종자를 파종하고 28일간 생육시켰고, 오염되지 않은 토양과 6.0log CFU/g 수준으로 오염시킨 토양에 오염된 상토에서 21일간 자란 묘를 이식하고 49일간 인공기상동 ($25^{\circ}C$, 상대습도 70-80%)에서 생육시켰다. 또한 8.0log CFU/mL로 오염된 관개용수로 지표면관수법과 살수관수법으로 상추에 관수하고 40일간 병원성 미생물의 오염 및 생존을 조사하였다. 그 결과 육묘기의 상토와 상추 중 E. coli와 B. cereus는 시간이 경과함에 따라 점차 감소하였지만 육묘기 내내 생존 가능한 것으로 확인되었다. 토양에서는 42일간 E. coli와 B. cereus가 6.0log CFU/g 내외로 유의적인 감소 없이 유지되고 있었다. 오염된 토양에 이식된 상추는 21일째까지 E. coli와 B. cereus의 농도가 4.0log CFU/g 이상 유지되었고 이식 후 42일까지도 검출되었다. 또한 살수관수법으로 처리한 구에서 지표면관수법으로 처리한 구보다 상추의 오염수준이 5.0log CFU/g 정도 높았다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 병원성미생물에 오염된 상토, 토양, 관개용수는 농산물의 병원성미생물 오염에 직접적인 원인이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.59-87
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• 2004

In its Declaration of Principles, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recommends that, "to achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, states should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption...." This notion of sustainability lies at the core of many "commons" problems, where the central issue is to enable "individuals to sustain long-term, productive use of natural resource systems". In other worlds, a common definition of "sustainability" captures the idea of aligning human consumption with the capacity of ecological systems to supply, over a long period of time, such natural resources as air, soil, or water on which production depends. The concept of sustainability raises all sorts of political, social, and economic questions about the distribution of environmental protection. For sustainable community development to be addressed, these questions must be raised. In order to convince different citizenry of the necessity of sustainability, these questions must also be answered. This is where questions of equity, justice, and fairness arise. Sustainability and equity require that we deal with nature as an undivided whole, with no part being unsustainable. Sustainability and social policy also requires that we deal with the human population as an undivided whole. We simply cannot move people around the planet to either perpetuate past practices of earth exploitation or to implement sustainable planning. Everyone must work with the people inhabiting sensitive ecological areas, especially areas of regeneration. In the sustainable global community, we are as strong as our weakest link, or our most toxic community. This is the undeniable driving force for the infusion of equity into the sustainable development debate.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.183-199
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• 1976

1. The cultivated land in Korea has originally low fertility resulting in high dependence to fertilizers. 2. The total fertilizer requirement calculated by the Office of Rural Development (ORD) in 1976 was about 1,153 thousand mts, and the total amount of supply planned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery was 1,010 thoushand mts which is close to the amount calculated by ORD. However, there is some gap between the amount of recommended (N, 11.6; $P_2O_5$: $K_2O$, 7.3kg/10a> and supply planned (N, 12.0; $P_2O_5$, 6.3; $K_2O$. 4.8kg/10a) fertilizers for each elements per unit area 3. For 15 years from 1960 to 1975 the fertilizer consumption of nitrogen was roughly increased from 200,000 mts to 500,000 mts; phosphorus, from 50,000 to 250,000 mts; potassium, from 10, 000 to 170,000 mts; accounting 2.5, 5, and 17 times of increase respectively. 4. The total fertilizer consumption for 5 years from 1967 to 1971 was about 100,000 mts and another 5years from 1971 to 1975 was 300,000 mts indicating three times increase. 5. The direct factors influenced to the increase of fertilizer consumption in recent years are 1) the dissemination of high yielding Tongil type rice varieties which are resistant to heavy fertilization 2) high price policy for agricaltural products 3) increased cultivation of vegetables:, fruits, and forages which require high level of fertilizers. The indirect factors are 1) dissemination of new improved agricultural techniques, 2, improvement of cultivated land conditions through irrigation system and land reform, 3) increased supply of silicate fertilizers, and 4) increase of farm income. 6. The percentage of total fertilizer consumption by rice (32%) and barley (25%) is about 57%. The ratio of total fertilizer consumption by vegetables and forages is expected to increase greatly. 7. Based on the increasing tendency of cultivated land and yield per unit area for last 10 years in each crop, total fertilizer consumptions in 1980, 1990, and 2000 year are estimated to 1,290,000, 1,580,000 and 1,870,000 mts respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1520-1532
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• 2020

Objective: Due to rapid economic return, mixed crop-swine farming systems in Korea have become more intensive. Intensive farming practices often cause nutrient surpluses and lead to environmental pollution. Nutrient budgets can be used to evaluate the environmental impact and as a regulatory policy instrument for nutrient management. This study was conducted to select a nutrient budgeting approach applicable to the mixed crop-swine farms in Korea and suggest an effective manure treatment method to reduce on-farm nutrient production. Methods: In this study, we compared current and ideal gross nutrient balance (GNB) approaches of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and soil system budget (SSB) approach with reference to on-farm manure treatment processes. Data obtained from farm census and published literature were used to develop the farm nutrient budgets. Results: The average nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) surpluses were approximately 11 times and over 7 times respectively higher in the GNB approaches than the SSB. After solid-liquid separation of manure, during liquid composting a change in aeration method from intermittent to continuous reduced the N and P loading about 50% and 47%, respectively. Although changing in solid composting method from turning only to turning+aeration improved the N removal efficiency by 30.5%, not much improvement in P removal efficiency was observed. Conclusion: Although the GNB approaches depict the impact of nutrients produced in the mixed crop-swine farms on the overall agricultural environment, the SSB approach shows the partitioning among different nutrient loss pathways and storage of nutrients within the soil system; thus, can help design sustainable nutrient management plans for the mixed cropswine farms. The study also suggests that continuous aeration for liquid composting and turning+aeration for solid composting can reduce nutrient loading to the soil.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.883-888
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• 2013

조류 발생이 문제시 되는 정체수역이나 호소에서 현장적용에 적합한 응집제를 선정하고 응집제별 적정 주입농도를 찾기 위하여 황토와 개량된 토양기반 무기응집제 세 가지(AC-A, AC-B, AC-C)를 주입하며 응집 침전실험을 실시하였다. 남조류가 주종이고 조류밀도가 2,950 cells/mL인 원수에 대한 황토(50 mg/L 주입)에 의한 조류밀도 제거율은 10분 침전후 49%, 30분 침전후 85%로 나타났고, 다른 세 가지 무기응집제(20 mg/L 주입)의 경우 10분 침전 후 80-90% 제거율, 30분 침전 후에는 89-94%의 조류 제거율을 나타냈다. 조류 제거와 탁도, pH 등의 수질인자 특성을 종합적으로 고려할 때 본 연구에서 고려된 천연 무기응집제 중 AC-A가 가장 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 원수의 조류밀도가 높을수록 같은 제거효율을 얻기 위한 응집제 주입량이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으나 선형적인 상관관계는 찾을 수 없었다. 황토를 비롯한 천연 무기응집제는 원수의 유기물 제거 및 pH 변화에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났고, 인산염의 경우 주입량을 늘임에 따라 제거율이 높아져 최대 70%까지 제거되었다.

• 한국환경생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생태학회 2003년도 추계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.105-126
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• 2003

In Korea most of annual rainfall is concentrated in several episodic heavy rains during the season of summer monsoon and typhoon. Because of uneven rainfall distribution many dams have been constructed in order to secure water supply in dry seasons. The Han River system has the most dams among Korean rivers, and the river is a series of dams now. Reservoirs need different strategy of water quality control from river water. Autochthonous organic matter and phosphorus should be the major target to be controlled in lakes. In this Paper some problems are discussed that makes efforts of water quality improvement ineffective in lakes of Korea, even after the substantial investment to wastewater treatment facilities.1) Phosphorus is the key factor controlling eutrophication of lakes and the reduction ofphosphors should be the major target of water treatment. However, water quality management strategy in Korea is still stream-oriented, and focused on BOD removal from sewage. Phosphorus removal efficiency remains as low as 10-30%, because biological treatment is adopted for both secondary treatment and advanced treatment. The standard for TP concentration of the sewage treatment plant effluent is 6 mgP/l in most of regions, and 2 mg/l in enforced region near metropolitan water intake point. TP in the effluents of sewage treatment plants are usually 1-2 mg/1, and most of plants meet the effluent regulation without a further phosphorus removal process. The generous TP standard for effluents discourages further efforts to improve phosphorus removal efficiency of sewage treatment. Considering that TP standard for the effluent is below 0.1 mg/l in some countries, it should be amended to below 0.1 mg/l in Korea, especially in the watershed of large lakes.2) Urban runoff and combined sewer overflow are not treated, even though their total loading into lakes can be comparable to municipal sewage discharges on dry days. Chemical coagulation and rapid settling might be the solution to urban runoff in regard of intermittent operation on only rainy days.3) Aggregated precipitation in Korea that is concentrated on several episodic heavyrains per year causes a large amount of nonpoint source pollution loading into lakes. It makes the treatment of nonpoint source discharge by methods of other countries of even rain pattern, such as retention pond or artificial wetland, impractical in Korea.4) The application rate of fertilizers in Korea is ten times as high as the average ofOECD countries. The total manure discharge from animal farming is thought to be over the capacity of soil treatment in Korea. Even though large portion of manure is composted for organic fertilizer, a lot of nutrients and organic matter emanates from organic compost. The reduction of application rate and discharge rate of phosphorus from agricultural fields should be encouraged by incentives and regulations.5) There is a lot of vegetable fields with high slopes in the upstream region of the HanRiver. Soil erosion is severe due to high slopes, and fertilizer is discharged in the form of adsorbed phosphorus on clay surface. The reduction of soil erosion in the upland area should be the major preventive policy for eutrophication. Uplands of high slope must be recovered to forest, and eroded gullies should be reformed into grass-buffered natural streams which are wider and resistant to bank erosion.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2020

최근 환경친화적 농업정책의 흐름에 따라 친환경 유기농자재 중에서 농업용 키토산에 관한 제품 등록이 토양개량제, 작물생육용, 병해충방제용 등 다양한 형태로 표시되고 있으나, 천연고분자물질인 키틴 원료를 이용한 제품 등록은 미미한 실정이다. 다만 키틴 기질을 함께 이용할 수 있는 키틴분해 미생물에 관한 유기농자재는 일부 등록되어 있다. 현재 국내 키틴·키토산 제조업체는 게껍질에서 산처리와 알카리처리에 의해서 얻어진 키틴 원료를 그대로 판매할 경우 매우 낮은 수익을 얻게 됨으로 탈아세틸화 단계 과정을 거쳐 제조되는 키토산 형태로 판매하거나 산처리와 효소처리에 의한 분자량을 달리한 키토산올리고당 형태로 제품화 하는 경우가 대부분이다. 실제 농업 현장에서는 토양개량을 위해 게껍질을 그대로 이용하는 경우가 있다. 하지만 게껍질에 포함된 40~50%의 탄산칼슘의 분해는 유기산 생성미생물에 의해 분해되어야 한다. 따라서 산업체에서 생산된 탄산칼슘을 제거한 키틴의 사용이 매우 효율적이다. 따라서 키틴생산 산업체에서는 식품용, 의료용 등의 고품질 고비용보다 농업용의 키틴을 저품질 저비용으로 생산함으로써 경쟁력을 가져올 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 농업용 유기농자재 대부분 제품에서 키토산이 약산에 녹여진 상태인 액상임으로 실제적인 키토산의 농도는 1~5% 범위로 매우 낮은 수준이다. 일부 제품의 경우 첨가물로 미량의 키토산올리고당 또는 키토산아제가 포함되어 있는 경우도 있다. 작물이 생산되는 농가 토양내 키틴분해와 키토산분해를 할 수 있는 다양한 토양미생물이 존재함으로 키틴과 키토산을 기질로 하여 토양개량, 작물생육 향상, 병해충 방제 목적으로 적합하게 농업 현장에 잘 적용함으로써 천연에서 얻어진 고분자 키틴·키토산 농자재가 농가의 환경보전 및 농가소득 향상에 매우 의미 있는 역할을 가질 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구보고문에서는 국내 주요 키틴·키토산 생산업체의 소개와 이들 업체의 주요 생산품을 살펴보고, 국립농산물품질관리원의 유기농업자재정보시스템에서 키틴·키토산 원료를 이용한 친환경 유기농자재 업체별 등록현황에 대한 비교·분석을 통하여 국내 키틴·키토산의 농업적 활용 범위를 더욱 확대할 수 있는 기회를 마련하고자 한다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 1993

우리나라에서 국내목재소비량(國內木材消費量)은 과거 20-30년 동안에 급격하게 증가했고 최근에는 휴양(休養)을 위한 삼림이용(森林利用), 수원함양(水源涵養)과 국토보전(國土保全)을 위한 보안림(保安林)의 필요성(必要性)이 점차로 증대해가고 있다. 그러나 삼림(森林)을 조성해야할 삼림소유자(森林所有者)들이 산촌(山村)에서 도시(都市)로 이동(移動)하고 있으므로 삼림(森林)에 대한 사회(社會)의 욕구를 충족시키기 위한 삼림활동(森林活動)이 어려워지고 있으며 따라서 도비화문제(都鄙化問題)가 중요한 정책과제(政策課題)로 되어 있다. 본(本) 논문(論文)은 삼림자원화(森林資源化)를 위하여 산촌문제(山村問題)를 분석한 사례연구이다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.521-532
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• 2018

In recent decades, the dry stream phenomena of small and medium sized rivers have been attracting much attention as an important social problem. To prevent dry stream phenomena, it is necessary to build an infrastructure that manages rivers. To accurately determine the progress of dry stream phenomena, it is necessary to continuously measure the discharge and other hydrological factors for small and medium sized rivers. However, until now, the flow data for small and medium rivers in Korea has been insufficient. To overcome the lack of supporting data for supporting rational decision-making in policy and project implementation, a short- and long-term hydrological model was developed that takes into consideration hydrological changes such as the increase of the impervious area due to urban development and groundwater pumping, the construction of a large-scale sewage treatment plant, the maintenance of stream-oriented rivers, etc. In the developed model, the distributed grid is represented by three layers: Surface flow, interflow, and groundwater flow. The surface flow and intermediate flow flowed along the flow direction, and the groundwater flow was calculated by a two-dimensional groundwater analysis model such that the outflow occurred in all directions without a specific flow direction. The effects of land use and cover on evapotranspiration and infiltration and the effects of multiple landscapes can be simulated in the developed model.