• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1985

The experiment was conducted to test the effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculation and soil moisture regime on growth and nutrient uptake of Pinus rigida seedlings. Two-year-old seedlings inoculated with either Pisolithus tinctorius or Thelephora terrestris were used for this experiment. There were two moisture treatments and four phosphate treatment levels with three replications. Height and root collar diameter growth and dry weight increase were measured and nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in the tissue were analyzed three months after the initiation of phosphate and moisture regime treatment. Results are as follows; 1) Height growth of seedlings was not affected in all treatments. (mycorrhizae, fertility, moisture). 2) High moisture regime increased root collar diameter growth 2.7 times as large as low moisture regime. 3) In low moisture regime, net production increased 26% in seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and increased 72% control seedlings. 4) In high moisture regime, net production of inoculated seedlings with Pisolithus tinctorius increased four times as much as that of control seedlings but increased $P_2O_5$ in fertility level did not affect net production. 5) In uptake of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, Pisolithus tinctorius - inoculated seedlings increased uptake by 1.9, 1.8, and 1.5 times, respectively, as much as control seedlings. 6) Increase in $P_2O_5$ fertility level enhanced the uptake of $P_2O_5$ in Pisolithus tinctorius - inoculated seedlings, but not affected the uptake of $P_2O_5$ in control seedlings. 7) Increase in $P_2O_5$ fertility levels enhanced the uptake of $K_2O$ in Pisolirhus rinctorius - inoculated seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.170-177
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• 2004

Agroenvironmental characteristics in paddy fields irrigated with the water of Nagdong river were analyzed along the river watershed for two years from 1999. The sites monitored from upper reaches of the river were Andong, Sangju, Gumi, Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan. In paddy soils, the contents of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and As were around natural values showing the highest values in Pusan followed by Goryeong. In brown rice, the contents of heavy metals were lower than natural values. Soil chemical properties appeared higher values in the lower reaches including Goryeong than the upper ones. The highest parameters in Goryeong were pH ($5.9{\sim}6.1$), EC ($0.8{\sim}0.9\;dS/m$), $Av.P_2O_5$ ($155{\sim}201\;mg/kg$), exchangeable Ca ($6.7{\sim}7.4\;cmol^+/kg$), Mg ($1.92{\sim}2.50\;cmol^+/kg$), K ($0.18{\sim}0.21\;cmol^+/kg$) and those in Pusan were organic matter ($23.0{\sim}29.1\;g/kg$) and T-N ($1.6{\sim}1.8\;mg/kg$). In conclusion, the recommended rates of N fertilizer for rice cropping were 21.4%, 11.8% and 8.8% high for Andong, Sangju and Gumi, respectively and 14.9%, 4.6%, 4.5% and 11.5% low for Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan, respectively reflecting the chemical properties of soils and the quality of irrigation water on the basis of 110 kgN/ha. In the case of phosphorous, the rates were 18.9% and 33.3% low for Changnyeong and others, respectively on the basis of $45\;kgP_2O_5/ha$. The populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, Bacillus, fluorescent Pseudomonas and Biomass C were high at the lower reaches including Goryeong, which showed relatively much nutrient contents of organic matter, total N and phosphorous etc.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 1992

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect level of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of hop (Hallertau variety) emphasis given to ${\alpha}$-acid content. Nitrogen was applied by the rates of 0, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36kg per 10a. Results were summarized as follows. 1. Stages of cone-hair developing and coneripening were delayed with increment of nitrogen applied. Number of nodes and length of vine increased with nitrogen applid by up to 24kg N/10a. 2. Yield was the highest in the 24kg N/10a plot and cone weight had high significant correlations with yield without regard to the years of growth. No.of flower per side blanch and weight of 100 cones had a significant correlation with yield in the four-year old and five-year old Hop plants. 3. Nutrient content in Hop plants was in the order of CaO, total nitrogen, $K_2O$, MgO and $P_2O_5$. Content of total nitrogen, CaO and MgO was high in leaves while that of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ was high in cone. Nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium increased with increment of nitrogen fetilized while potassium and calcium decreased. 4. As for the distribution of nutrients in cone developing stage $SiO_2$ content was higher in lower part than in the upper part while $P_2O_5$ contetn was higher in upper part than in lower part of the plant. And content of nitrogen and potassium was higher in middle height than in upper and lower part. 5. The optimum levels of nitrogen application were 19.3kg for 2 years, 24.3kg for 3-year, 27.9kg for 4 years and 31.8kg/10a for 5-year old Hop, respectively. 6. Nitrogen uptake in cone showed a positive correlation with the content of ${\alpha}$-acid and ${\beta}$-acid in cone.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.306-312
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• 2007

To investigate the effect of N fertigation on the growth, yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiencies during tomato cultivation, seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam soil under plastic film house condition. 0, 88, 132, 176, $220\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ N rates, which correspond to 0 (NF0), 40 (NF40), 60 (NF60), 80 (NF80), 100% (NF100) N level of soil test-based N fertilization, were injected weekly through drip irrigation system for 15 weeks in N fertigation system, and the control (conventional N treatment) was installed for comparison. Herein, nitrogen was applied by top-dressing with 60% as a basal and 40% as additional fertilizer. There was little different in stem diameter growth among N fertigation treatments, but plant height and dry matter increased with increasing N fertigation rates as well as in N conventional treatment. Tomato yield was increased with increasing the number of marketable fruits in N fertigation treatments, and the fruit yield was maximized in NF 80 treatment ($176\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ N supply or $96.6\;mg\;L^{-1}$ N injection). Dry matter productivity and nitrogen uptake amount were significantly increased with increasing N fertigation rates. The ratio of fruits to the dry weight of whole plant was decreased with increasing N fertigation rates, but this ratio was $2.6{\sim}5.3%$ higher in N fertigation treatments than in the control. In addition, the ratios of nitrogen distributed toward fruits in N fertigation treatments were $3.7{\sim}21.7%$ higher than that of control. The apparent N recovery percentages showed significantly higher values as $71.8{\sim}102.3%$ in N fertigation treatments, compared to 45% in N conventional treatment. Water use efficiency was significantly increased by fertigation system with the maximum $361\;kg/ha\;cm^{-1}$ in NF 80, which is comparable to $324\;kg/ha\;cm^{-1}$ of the conventional treatment. Conclusively, N fertigation system was effective on increasing tomato productivity and nutrient efficiency as well as 20% reduction of N fertilization level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.329-339
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• 1996

This study is to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal development, growth, nutrient absorption of P. thunbergii seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt. KJ-1) in relation to toxic materials in soil. The concentrations on copper solution applied to the soils were 0, 40, 120, 260, 430ppm. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The germination of P. thunbergii with Pt. increased greater than without ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal development showed a significant decreasing trend at high concentration, and tolerant Cu test with Pt. in agar plate media showed a decreasing trend at a high level. 2. P. thunbergii seedlings inoculated with Pt. showed that the shoot length was significantly promoted at 40, 120ppm copper levels, and that of noninoculated seedlings had the lowest effect in 430ppm copper level. 3. The outer shape of ectomycorrhizal root tips after inoculating Pt. on P. thunbergii seedlings appeared as a monopodial type, a fern-like type, and a cluster-like type at 0ppm, 40ppm levels, but only monopodial type came out at 260ppm, 430ppm copper levels. 4. Root length, no. of juvenile leaves, total length of juvenile leaves, total dry weight, no. of needles and total length of needles of P. thunbergii with Pt. increased greater than those of noninoculated seedling. Growth response of P. thunbergii seedling inoculated with Pt. increased significantly at 40ppm, 120ppm Cu levels. 5. As a result of analysis of growth medium, pH, Na, CEC increased at higher Cu level, and total nitrogen, organic matters, available phosphorous, K, Ca and Mg decreased at 40ppm, 120ppm Cu levels. As a result of an analysis about a copper within soils, it appeared having high Cu-concentration at 0ppm level of an inoculated Pt. and high Cu-concentration in noninoculated Pt. than in inoculated Pt. at higher level. 6. As a result of an analysis of shoot, N, P, and K-concentration were higher in noninoculated seedlings than in inoculated seedlings, and Cu-concentration was higher in inoculated seedlings than in noninoculated seedlings. The analysis of root resulted in a high N-concentration at 40ppm, 120ppm levels, in a high P-concentration in inoculated seedlings and in a high Cu-concentration in noninoculated seedlings. Cu-concentration was significantly higher at root than at shoot.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.735-742
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to elucidate the tolerance of woody plants to simulated acid rain in relation to mycorrhizal inoculation. Germinating seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in 1I pots with autoclaved soil mixture of vermiculite, sand and nursery soil at 1:1:1 ratio. Each pot was inoculated with both crushed root nodules from a wild tree of the same species and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum of Glomus intraradices at the time of planting the seedlings. Simulated acid rains at pH 2.6, 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 were made by mixing sulfuric acid and nitric acid at 3: 1 ratio. Each pot received nutrient solution without N and P, and was also supplied with 180 ml of the one pH level of the acid rains once a week for 50 days. The plants were grown in the green house. At the end of experimental period, plants were harvested to determine contents of chlorophyll, mineral nutrients and net photosynthesis in the tissues, dry weight of the plants, and mycorrhizal infection in the roots. Mycorrhizal infection rate was significantly reduced only at pH 2.6, which meant vitality of G intraradices was inhibited at extremely low pH. Height growth, dry weight production, nodule production and chlorophyll content were increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels except pH 3.6. Particularly, mycorrhizal inoculation increased root nodule production by 85% in pH 5.6 and 45% in 4.6 treatments. But the stimulatory effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nodule production was reduced at pH 3.6 and 2.6. Net photosynthesis was increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels. The phosphorus(P) content in the tissues was increased by 43% in average by mycorrhizal inoculation, which was statistically significant except in pH 2.6. It was concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation of Robinia pseudoacacia would enhance growth and resistance of the plants to acid rain by improving the photosynthesis, phosphorus nutrition, and more nodule production.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.336-342
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• 2012

Inorganic materials were commonly used as container media in domestic plant factories. Objective of this research was to secure the information in soil physical and chemical properties of inorganic materials such as vermiculites and perlites. To achieve this, 12 gold and silver vermiculites from China, Zimbabwe, and South Africa and 5 perlites from China were collected based on the marketing grades (MG) in particle sizes and analyzed for determination of their characteristics. The percentage of particles larger than $710{\mu}m$, in China perlite MG 3~5 mm, China silver vermiculites MG > 8 mm and MG 3~8 mm were 99.9%, 99.8%, and 99.7%, respectively, which were much higher than 28.4% in China gold vermiculite MG 0.3~1.0 mm, 14.0% in perlite MG < 1.0 mm, and 12.6% of Zimbabwe silver vermiculite MG < 1.0 mm. The container capacities of perlite MG < 1.0 mm and South Africa silver vermiculite MG 0.25~1.0 mm were 72.0% and 71.1%, respectively. The air space in China silver vermiculite MG 3~8 mm was 49.3% which was higher than other materials tested. However, the China gold and silver vermiculites MG 0.3~1 mm had 3.5% and 2.4% in air space indicating that possible problems could occur in soil aeration when they are used for container media. The percentage of easily available and buffering water of China gold vermiculite MG 0.3~1 mm and perlite MG < 1.0 mm were the highest among test materials. The ranges of pH and electrical conductivity were 6.36 to 10.7 and 0.032 to $0.393dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in vermiculites and 7.78 to 8.62 and 0.030 to $0.041dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in perlite, respectively. The cation exchange capacity of China silver vermiculite MG 0.3~1 mm were $14.7cmol{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ that was 10 times as high as $0.34cmol{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in perlite MG 1~2.5 mm. The vermiculites had the higher contents of exchangeable cations such as Ca, K, and Na, than those of perlites.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2011

Cover crop can be used to suppress weeds by competition for light and nutrient. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of legume cover crops on change of weed community in no-till corn cultivation. Two legume cover crops, hairy vetch and crimson clover were grown in the field, and succeeding corn was sown on 4 May, 2010. The distribution of weed was surveyed at 15 April, 1 June, and 20 August. At 15 April, the weed biomass in hairy vetch field was higher than in crimson clover field. The dominant weeds were Capsella bursa-pastoris L. and Stellaria aquatica L. in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. At vegetative stage of corn, occurred weeds in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields were four and six species, respectively, while the weed was occurred with nine species in conventional. Also the dry weight of weed was decreased by 82 and 75% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields compared to conventional. On the other hand, after harvest of corn, occurred weed in hairy vetch, crimson clover and conventional was five, four and five species, respectively. Dry weight percentage of occurred weed in conventional was 23.5%, and the value was higher than 13.8 and 14.7% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. Stellaria aquatica L. as winter annual weed only occurred in cover crop field during corn growing season. It is these possibilities that low soil temperature and light interception by soil cover of legume cover crop.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.134-144
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• 2003

A rhizobacterium Pseudomonas cholororaphis O6 produced several secondary metabolites, such as phenazines, protease, and HCN that may be involved in inhibition of the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. In field study, P. chlororaphis O6 treatment on wheat seed suppressed root rot disease caused by Fusarium culmorum. The major organic acids of cucumber root exudates were fumaric acid, malic acid, benzoic acid, and succinic acid. Glucose and fructose were major monosaccharides in cucumber root exudates. The total amount of organic acids was ten times higher than that of the sugars. P. chlororaphis O6 grew well on cucumber root exudates. The dctA gene of P. chlororaphis O6 consisted of a 1,335 bp open reading frame with a deduced amino acid sequence of 444 residues, corresponding to a molecular size of about 47 kD and pI 8.2. The deduced dctA sequence has ten putative transmembrane domains, as expected of a membrane-embedded protein. Our results indicated that organic acids in cucumber root exudates may play an important role in providing nutrient source for root colonization of biological control bacteria, and the dctA gene of P. chlororaphis O6 may be an important bacterial trait that is involved in utilization of root exudates.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 2011

A wide diversity of liquid fertilizers and composts produced from the livestock manure in Korea is commonly applied to agricultural lands as an alternative of chemical fertilizers. However, their effects on the crop production and environmental impacts are still vague. The current study was investigated the property changes of paddy soils in sandy loam and silty loam treated with 1) control (no treatment), 2) chemicals, 3) storage liquid fertilizer and 4) SCB liquid fertilizer located in Gyeong-gi province, Korea. The chemical properties of soils in sandy loam and silty loam before the treatment were similar with the ones in the average paddy fields in Korea. Contrary to this, the amount of available phosphorus in sandy loam was higher than the one in the average paddy fields. The number of living organisms in sandy loam and silty loam treated with storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer were higher than the ones in sandy loam and silty loam with no-treatment and chemicals. Significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatments and no-treatment was observed in sandy loam rather than in silty loam. The amounts of heavy metals were the highest in both sandy loam and silty loam treated with storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer. The comparison of heavy metals showed that the ones in silty loam were little bit higher than sandy loam. The leaf lengths and dry weights of rices were increased over time, however, no significant difference was observed among each treament. In addition, the rice yield in sandy loam treated with SCB liquid fertilizer was higher than the ones in sandy loam. The highest rice yield was obtained from sandy loam treated with chemicals, but there was no significant difference between storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer. While the rate of nutrient absorption by rices was the highest in sandy loam and silty loam treated with chemicals, there was no significant difference in sandy loam and silty loam treated with livestock liquid manure.