• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 1995

One of alternative conventional technologies used for treatment of livestock wastes is composting process, and recently some mechanical composting processes are being practiced. It is, however, recognized the composting process also has its own limitations such as longer time requirement, and difficulties to estimate the degree of decomposition, etc. The incomplete compost contains potentially harmful materials to crops and public health due to instabilized organic contents and pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this investigation is to develop an innovative system whereby anxious livestock wastes are thoroughly stabilized and disinfected. Thus the overall management scheme should meet the following requirements. 1. A system should be in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner. 2. Sludges must be chemically stabilized and bacteriologically safe. 3. Odor-free by product should be applied to crop land. 4. Sludges are sources of fertilizer nutrients and/or soil amendments to enhance crop production. 5. And they can be used as potential pH adjusting agent of the acidified soils. Overall effectiveness of the developed system is experimentally tested to satisfy the preset criteria and requirements. Major experiments are divided into four categories: they are 1. chemical stability test, 2. optimal condition test of stabilization process, 3. bacteriological examination and disinfection tests, and 4. deodorization tests The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and the drying process. Stabilized wastes is dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and drying process. Stabilized wastes are dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about 300g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. In the stabilization reaction process, the pH of wastes is lowered from initial values of 12.3 to 8.6. High pH prevents odor production and kills pathogenic organisms. Organic matter contents in the stabilized wastes are about 50% and the sum of contents of fertilizer elements such as total nitrogen, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ are about 5.3%. The livestock wastes that are stabilized chemically and hygienically can be used as a good soil conditioner and/or organic fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.2-15
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• 1982

In this report, a total domestic demand for major commercial fertilizer for crop production in Korea up to 1996 was estimated. The agricultural products and area for demand for both 1982 and 1986 was quoted from the estimate of the 5th Five-year Economic plan. And the demands estimated for 1991 and 1996 reflected possible changes of diet from cereal to meat and their indirect effects on the increase of cereal consumption. As the advanced countries followed, consequently, the demands for soybean, corn and other feed grains were expected to be increased as well as the land for growing those crops. 1. Total annual demands for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were estimated 1,050,000M/T, 1,110,000M/T, 1,280,000M/T and 1,010,000M/T for the year 1982, 1986, 1991, and 1996 respectively. 2. It was assumed that there would be difficulties in self-sufficiency of grains at the cost of the maximum utilization of land and fertilizers in 1996. 3. It was clear that the increase of the productivity per unit area is possible by improving the conditions of arable land which could resulted a self-sufficiency of food in Korea. As a consequence, the demand for fertilizers at that time would exceed the level of estimates. 4. The recent decrease in demand for commercial fertilizers (currently estimated 850,000M/T) was due to an inadequate application of fertilizers for respective crop reqirement. This inadequacy should be checked and encouraged the consumptions of fertilizers to be increased by supporting the price of grain.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2002

This study was carried out to optimize the fertigation method using fermented swine liquid manure for the growth of two western vegetables, broccoli and celery. Plants were grown in a rain-shelter house and fertilized with a range of dilutions(efflux 5 dilution=Ef. 5, efflux 10 dilution=Ef. 10, efflux 25 dilution=Ef. 25, and efflux 50 dilution=Ef. 50) of the liquid manure or with conventional application of N : P$_2$O$\_$5/ : K$_2$O = 200 : 70 : 500kg/ha for broccoli, 250 : 210 : 240 kg/ha for celery as controls. After harvest, soil pH and K content decreased after using a high concentration of the liquid manure, Ef. 5, than after treatment with weaker concentrations at Ef. 25 and Ef. 50. On the other hand, soil electrical conductivity, content of P$_2$O$\_$5/, organic matter, total nitrogen, and NO$_3$-N at Ef. 5 increased as concentration of swine liquid manure increased. After harvest, available P$_2$O$\_$5/ in plant tissue did not differ significantly between any of the treatments. In broccoli, the lower concentration (Ef. 50) of swine liquid manure increased flowering over the other treatments, perhaps because the level of absorption into the plants is higher with lower concentration. The amounts of K and Ca in plant tissue were greatest after Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments. Plant growth was best at Ef. 50 in broccoli, head height, head width, and head weight were the best with Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments after harvest. In celery, leaf length was greater after Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments than any other treatments. Total yield of celery of Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments was twice that of conventional cultivation. On the other hand, yield severely decreased after application of high-concentration treatment at Ef. 5. In conclusion, fertigation of swine liquid manure, diluted in the range of Ef. 25 to Ef. 50, could improve yield and quality in broccoli and celery.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.509-520
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• 1997

This is a report on the early vegetation, plant community structure, and secondary succession of cut and uncut sites of burned areas in Mt. Gumo-sun. The forest fire occurred on April, 1994 and the pine forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The investigation was carried out from April, 1995 to October, 1996. The results are summarized as follows : The floristic composition of cut and uncut sites of burned area and unburned area were composed of 32, 36, and 34 kinds of vascular plants respectively. The biological spectra showed the $H(G)-D_1-R_5-e$ type, $H(M)-D_1-R_5-e$ and $M(N)-D_1-R_5-e$ in cut, uncut, and unburned site respectively. The dominant species based on $SDR_3$ of the cut site were Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(100.00). Caret humilis(52.27), Quercus serrata(51.19) and Lysimachia clethroides(39.40), however, in the uncut sites the dominant species were Quercus acutissima(56.91), Pinus densiflora(26.83) in the tree layer, Quercus serrata(50.43), Lindera glauca(40.51), Lespedeza bicolor(37.85) in the shrub layer, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(72.27), Pteridium aquilium var. latiusculum(60.92), Carex humilis(63.63) in the herb layer. Pinus densiflora(99.88), Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(82.74), Quercus serrata(77.47) and Carex humilis(74.02) were dominant in the unburned site. The species diversity(H) and evenness index(e) were 1.05, 0.70 and 1.32, 0.85 in the cut and uncut site, respectively and 0.22, 0.63 in the unburned site. Dominance index(C) was 0.15, 0.06 and 0.96 in the cut, uncut site and unburned site, respectively. Degree of succession(DS) was 345.19, 747.47 and 674.34 in cut, uncut and unburned site, respectively. The index of similarity(CCs) was 0.66 between cut and uncut sites, 0.50 between unburned and cut sites and 0.61 between unburned and uncut sites. The amount of exchangeable sodium, calcium, magnesium and soil pH were increased, but the amount of organic matter, available phosphous, total nitrogen, total carbon and exchangeable potassium were decreased in cut site after fire.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.329-339
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• 1996

This study is to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal development, growth, nutrient absorption of P. thunbergii seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt. KJ-1) in relation to toxic materials in soil. The concentrations on copper solution applied to the soils were 0, 40, 120, 260, 430ppm. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The germination of P. thunbergii with Pt. increased greater than without ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal development showed a significant decreasing trend at high concentration, and tolerant Cu test with Pt. in agar plate media showed a decreasing trend at a high level. 2. P. thunbergii seedlings inoculated with Pt. showed that the shoot length was significantly promoted at 40, 120ppm copper levels, and that of noninoculated seedlings had the lowest effect in 430ppm copper level. 3. The outer shape of ectomycorrhizal root tips after inoculating Pt. on P. thunbergii seedlings appeared as a monopodial type, a fern-like type, and a cluster-like type at 0ppm, 40ppm levels, but only monopodial type came out at 260ppm, 430ppm copper levels. 4. Root length, no. of juvenile leaves, total length of juvenile leaves, total dry weight, no. of needles and total length of needles of P. thunbergii with Pt. increased greater than those of noninoculated seedling. Growth response of P. thunbergii seedling inoculated with Pt. increased significantly at 40ppm, 120ppm Cu levels. 5. As a result of analysis of growth medium, pH, Na, CEC increased at higher Cu level, and total nitrogen, organic matters, available phosphorous, K, Ca and Mg decreased at 40ppm, 120ppm Cu levels. As a result of an analysis about a copper within soils, it appeared having high Cu-concentration at 0ppm level of an inoculated Pt. and high Cu-concentration in noninoculated Pt. than in inoculated Pt. at higher level. 6. As a result of an analysis of shoot, N, P, and K-concentration were higher in noninoculated seedlings than in inoculated seedlings, and Cu-concentration was higher in inoculated seedlings than in noninoculated seedlings. The analysis of root resulted in a high N-concentration at 40ppm, 120ppm levels, in a high P-concentration in inoculated seedlings and in a high Cu-concentration in noninoculated seedlings. Cu-concentration was significantly higher at root than at shoot.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2010

This study was performed to obtain basic data about vegetation structure and site environment of rare and endangered plant, viola websteri in five natural habitats. The dominant species of Hongcheon habitat were Pyrus pyrifolia (tree layer), Morus bombycis (subtree layer), Pyrus pyrifolia (shrub layer) and Isodon inflexus (herb layer). Mt. Yeonin habitat were dominated by Quercus mongolica (tree layer), Morus bombycis (subtree layer), Philadelphus schrenckii (shrub layer) and Viola websteri (herb layer). Mt. Yumyung habitat were dominated by Cornus controversa (tree layer), Morus bombycis (subtree layer), Fraxinus rhynchophylla (shrub layer) and Adenocaulon himalaicum (herb layer). Mt. Daebu habitat were dominated by Acer mono (tree layer), Staphylea bumalda (subtree layer), Staphylea bumalda(shrub layer) and Dryopteris crassirhizoma (herb layer). And the dominant species of Mt. Worak habitat were Larix leptolepis (tree layer), Fraxinus rhynchophylla (subtree layer), Alangium platanifolium var. macrophylum (shrub layer) and Adenocaulon himalaicum (herb layer). It was found out that the average acidity of soil pH was 5.23; 0.30ds/m for electron conductivity; 12.6% for organic matter content; 0.68% for total nitrogen; 21.66 ppm for available phosphorous; and 23.45 cmol(+)/kg for CEC. Interchangeable cation was decreased in order of $Ca^{2+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $K^{2+}$. Viola websteri had positive association with Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum and Geranium thunbergii but negative association with Poa sphondylodes. Species diversity index(H'), maximum Species diversity index (H' max), evenness(J') and dominance (1-J'), of investigated sites ranged 0.6816 (Mt. Worak)~0.9656 (Mt. Daebu), 1.0000 (Mt. Yeonin)~1.3010 (Hongcheon, Gangwon), 0.5330 (Mt. Worak)~0.8947 (Mt. Daebu) and 0.1053 (Mt. Daebu)~0.4670 (Mt. Worak) in woody layer and 1.0414 (Mt. Yumyung)~1.3295 (Mt. Worak), 1.4314 (Mt. Yumyung)~1.6435 (Mt. Daebu), 0.6984 (Hongcheon, Gangwon)~0.8356 (Mt. Worak) and 0.1644 (Mt. Worak)~0.3016 (Hongcheon, Gangwon) in herb layer, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 1988

For the purpose of examining the effects of simulated acid rain on nutrient contents of plant tissues in Pintos densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana rooted cuttings, the experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agricultural Junior College. One-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana cuttings were planted in the pots filled the mixed soils(nursery soil : forest soil of siliceous sandy loam=1 : 1 v/v) in the early spring of 1986. The regime of artificial acid rain, in terms of spray frequency per month and spray amount at single treatment per plot, was simulated on the basis of climatological data averaged from 30 years records. Simulated acid rain(pH 2.0, pH 4.0, and pH 5.5 as control) containing sulfuric and nutric acid in the ratio of 3 : 2(chemical equivalant basis) diluted with ground water were treated on the experimental plants under condition of cutting off the natural precipitation with vinyl tunnel, during the growing season(May 1 to August 31) in 1986. The results obtained in this study were as follow : (1) As for the nitrogen contents in plant tissues, P. densiflora increased significantly in one-year-old stembranch and root tissues, and F. koreana increased significantly in leaf and root tissues, as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. (2) The available phosphate contents in root tissues of P. densiflora, and in leaf and root tissues of F. koreana were significantly decreased, as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. (3) $K_2O$, CaO and MgO contents in plant tissues were significantly decreased in the both species as the pH levels decreased. And the effects of acid rain on F. koreana were higher than those of P. densiflora. (4) Sulfur contents of plant tissues in the both species were increased at pH 2.0 treatment. There were significant differences among three acid rain treatments in leaf and root tissues of P. densiflora, and in all parts of F. koreana. (5) In the effects of simulated acid rain on the both species and the tested soils, in general, F. koreana revealed higher sensitiveness than P. densiflora, and the lower pH levels of simulated acid rain were treated, the more sharp reaction was showed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2011

This study aimed to examine foundational data for container seedling production with the subject of Daphniphyllum macropodum community in Mt. Naejang National Park. To achieve the goal, it investigated the growth characteristics of young tree seedlings growing in places with different light intensity environment. Regarding the growth environment of Daphniphyllum macropodum community, it was typical heavy rain summer climate, and the soil was silt loam with the organic content as 11.42~15.61%, total nitrogen as 0.50~0.76%, cation exchangeable capacity (C.E.C) as 18.92~23.32 cmol/kg, and pH as 4.85~5.58. About light intensity environment changed by research plots, relative transmittance of solar radiation was 71~76% in plot A, 37~42% in plot B, 65~70% in plot C, and 28~33% in plot D. The seedlings tended to be intensively distributed either under the crown of their mother tree or in the slope site, and plot A and C where light intensity environment is relatively more favorable showed 1,550 tree/ha and 1,250 tree/ha. Total biomass production of Daphniphyllum macropodum seedlings was 5.37 g in plot A and 5.29 g in plot C, so they were higher than 4.42~4.51 g in plot B and D with relatively less favorable light intensity environment. The T/R ratio was 1~2, leaf area rate was $139.71{\sim}183.50cm^2{\cdot}g^{-1}$, leaf area ratio was $39.68{\sim}60.66cm^2{\cdot}g^{-1}$, and leaf dry weight ratio grew higher in the range of $0.28{\sim}0.33cm^2{\cdot}g^{-1}$ as the intensity of radiation became less. It is thought that in the generation and growth of Daphniphyllum macropodum seedlings, the intensity of light has more effects than the organic content in soil. And it is also thought that in the application of container seedlings production, light environment management over 65~70% to full sun light intensity will affect significantly the initial growth of Daphniphyllum macropodum.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to develop fertilizer which promotes plant growth as well as suppressing pathogenic fungi. The fertilizer was made from the mixture of Ju-Back (Korean rice wine cake) and indigenous rhizosphere-bacterium. The main ingredients of Ju-Back were investigated as 6.04% total nitrogen, 42.59% total carbohydrate, 1.01% available phosphate, 73.42% organic matter, 7.72% potassium oxide, 1.35% calcium oxide, 0.53% magnesium oxide. The enzyme activities of Ju-Back were estimated to be 980 units/g for ${\alpha}-amylase$, 300 units/g for glucoamylase, and 1800 units/g for acid pretense. Indigenous rhizosphere bacteria which produced antifungal agent were isolated from soil, and was selected KMU-13 strain which can antagonize against various plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065, Fusairum oxysporum KACC 40052, Pythium aphanidermatum KACC 40156, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40476 and Glomerella cingulata KACC 40299). KMU-13 strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis KMU-13 by biochemical and 16s rDNA analysis. The organic fertilizer was made as prototype which was composed 20% Ju-Back, 70% carrier, 9.7% microorganism cultivated solution, 0.3% trace-element. We also investigated an application of fertilizer using Ju-Back for cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativar) which were grown in three soil conditions that had chemical fertilizer, barnyard manure, lime power, urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate as a control, the whole quantity (80 kg/10a) of posted fertilizer with the control and the half quantity (40 kg/10a) with the control. The growth characteristics were examined and analysed with several weeks interval from 3 weeks to 8 weeks on head length (cm), head width (cm/head), number of leaf and fresh weight (g/plant). The results are summarized as follows. The head width and fresh weight of lettuce were the highest at posted fertilizer 1 (whole quantity) was applied chemical, organic matter (Ju-Back) and carrier. The head length was the highest at posted fertilizer 2 (whole quantity) was applied Ju-Back only.