• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effect of foliar feeding as the fertilization on creeping benrgrass green. Research results have showed that the visual quality of bentgrass as well as shoot density and chlorophyll index dramatically improved after foliar feeding. Shoot density of bent grass in foliar based fertilization was 2.8 ea/$cm^2$ higher than that of the liquid based fertilization during the experiment period, moreover that the foliar feeding is more effective to alleviate shoot density during the rainy season in summer. Results showed that foliar feeding was key role to achieve the stable visual quality, chlorophyll index and maintained Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) throughout the year in addition to get fast recovery after aeration and dry spot. These were consistent with the previous research of foliar feeding which directly provided nutrient to the turfgrass leaf thus increased turfgrass growth within a short time. It is projected to be a especially adequate management program during the hot summer season in which the nutrition feeding is low. However, root growth was no significant difference between foliar based fertilization and liquid based fertilization. Golf Course managers also should consider about the number of frequent fertilizing. Lastly, it was no big change in chemical property by soil foliar based fertilization which is meaning of preventing the soil salinization, meanwhile, it is prone to reach the nutrient deficiency. It hopes to be settled as the general fertilization in golf course of Korea, since there are many advantages of foliar based fertilization program. It is suggested to study more practical process of foliar feeding through the further research.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2012

Soil pan typically presents the problems in soil water movement or in aeration which is not appropriate for a plant root growth, In this study physico-chemical characteristics of soils and micromorphological characteristic of clay accumulated zone were investigated to identify redox characteristic and evolution of a fragipan of Gangreung series commonly developed in coastal terraces. Gangreung series is classified as Aquic Fragiudalfs according to the USDA soil taxonomy. It is known that sedimentary ocean floor results in soil pan having parallel liner soil structure due to landscape evolution around 200 to 250 million years ago. it is considered that illite, kaolinite, and vermiculite are major clay minerals contained in a fragipan of Gangreung series. Mixed gray and reddish brown colored band around soil pores was found and would be the redoxmorphic features of fragipan. It is possibly due to accumulated illuvial clay and ferriargillans in soil pores and aggregates in reducing conditions eluding ferrous material. Therefore, mixed colored band around pores in soils of Gangreung series would be developed from the eluted ferrous materials which were accumulated in fragipan during the emerged land formation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.145-160
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• 1979

The effects of organic material application on soil physical properties were reviewed in relation to soil productivity. The organic matter contents and soil physical properties of the cultivated land in Korea were summarized and the effects of organic matter were compared in terms of land uses and soil types. Soil physical properties related to crop yield potential, such as soil aggregation, permeability, water holding capacity, erodibility, and compactibility, were used in evaluating the effects of organic materials as a soil physical amendment. The benefical effects of organic matter addition on soil physical conditions include (1) better aeration and increased infiltration in silty and clayey soils, (2) increased water holding capacity and moisture availability in sandy soils, (3) decreased soil erodibility, and (4) increased resistance to compaction. It is, therefore, concluded that continuous application of organic materials could greatly improve the various soil physical properties and favor the growth and yield of crops. A high rate of organic matter addition could contribute to reducing not only the soil erosion on sloping land, but also the possible detrimental effect of farm mechanization. In general, the effects of organic matter on soil physical improvement were estimated to be much higher in upland than in paddy. Organic matter would have a more pronounced effect on low productive lands such as heavy clayey or sandy soils and newly reclaimed soil. The optimum level of soil organic matter content was estimated to be about 3.0 to 3.5% for the best soil physical condition. Since the organic matter contents of the cultivated lands in Korea are much lower than optimum level, it would be desiable to use more organic materials to soil for the increase of soil productivity, continuation of stabilized high productivity and soil erosion control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.24-32
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• 1999

To develope appropriate soil base for planting on the artificial ground, 9 kinds of soil types(varying the components and mixing ratios) and 3 levels of soil depths(10cm, 15cm, 20cm) were chosen. And their plant growing effects were tested and analysed from the test plant Zoysia japonica. The results of the research are as follows. 1. Among the 9 type of soil mixtures, the "sandy loam" soil type gave the worst effects on germination, disease contamination and ground covering. 2. The soil types like VSH(vermiculite20%+sand70%+humus sawdust10%), VSS(vermiculite 40%+sand 50%+humus sawdust 10%) and VS(vermiculite 70%+sand 30%), where vermiculite and sand were added to, show better germination effect promoted from the better condition of aeration and saturation. 3. The plant growing effects(leaf length and ground covering ratio) was evident under the soil types like VSH(vermiculite20%+sand70%+humus sawdust10%) and VSS(vermiculite40%+sand50%+humus sawdust10%), where organic matters were added to. 4. Vermiculite added soil types effect fast leaf decolorization on the tested Zoysia japonica plant, on the contrary to organic matter mixed soil types including SCS(sandy loam 50%+carbonized rice husk30%+sand20%) and SHS(sandy loam 50%+humus sawdust30%+sand20%) with which green leaves subsist longer. S. Soil depth effect to plant growth was found. And a favorable covering rate was accomplished even at the soil depth of 15cm - the limit soil depth for grass survival - from the soil types where organic matters were mixed to. From this result, the soil depth limit for plant survival could be said to be shall owed if appropriate soil type were based.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.73-80
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• 2013

Fine suspended solids from coal mine drainage were treated in the treating plant, using two different pilot-scale inclined clarifiers: radial and lamella types. Suspended solids in the mine drainage were monitored along with other geochemical factors, and metal contents. Fe and Mn are the main chemical components in the drainage, which exist predominantly as total metal forms, whereas dissolved portion is negligible. The raw mine drainage is subject to physical and chemical treatment using $CaCO_3$ and NaOH, therefore the suspended solids are thought to be composed of Fe and Mn precipitates, possibly $Fe(OH)_3$, along with carbonate precipitates. The elemental composition of precipitates are confirmed by SEM-EDS analysis. As nearly all the dissolved ions were precipitated in the primary process by $CaCO_3$, no further aeration or prolonged oxygenation are of necessity in this plant. Adoption of inclined clarifier proved to be effective in treating fine suspended solids in the current plant. Successful application of the inclined clarifier will also be beneficial to improve the current treating process by excluding the current application of chemical agent in the first stage. The final effluents from the pilot plant meet the national standards and the low dissolved Fe and Mn contents are expected not to cause secondary precipitation after discharge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1996

Environmental impact assessment survey reflecting farmers` opinion on the residence and production space in rural settlement area by ORD showed that more than 86% of respondents thought their reservoirs and waterways (small rivers) were getting seriously contaminated primarily by garbage and livestock manure. A typical rural settlement unit was taken to assess the impact of improper management of livestock manure in the farms on the water quality of small river flowing down along the villages where swine and dairy farms were situated in Daejook 2, 3-ri, Seolseong-myun, Icheon-gun. Nitrogen compounds such as NO$_3$-N, NO$_2$-N, NH$_3$-N, and phosphorus compound H$_x$PO$_4$, DO, BOD$_5$, COD, and microbial density were analyzed to evaluate water quality at five test sites designated along the water stream. Tests showed. for example, BOD$_5$ at site 4 was average 9.2mg/l which was about 3~8 times higher than that of observation site 2 and 3, at which most livestock houses were situated. This is a clear evidence that the nutrients of livestock manure illegally discharged to small river can lead to an eutrophication of the river at downstream. A soil absorption system with aeration could be one of alternatives to treat the contaminated wastewater by livestock manure. The place at downstream, inbetween observation site 1 and 2, could be the best construction site for the treatment facility from the standpoint of the overall treatment efficiency, An enclosed composting system can also be regarded as a good alternative for treatment of the sludge which is the by-product of the soil absorption system operation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.173-181
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• 2013

Livestock wastes are considered as major environmental pollutants because they contain high concentration of organic materials. In 2001, The Environmental Department reported that stock farmers were increasing as 5.1%/year, which resulted in a gradual increase in livestock wastes generation. The direct disposal of livestock wastes create several environmental problems. Thus, several countries banned the disposal of livestock wastes in environment including aquatic systems. Recently, aeration-based liquid fertilization was considered as potential way for the disposal of livestock wastes. In this study, next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was used to understand the microbial community changes during liquid fertilization of livestock wastes. Microbial community was compared with liquid fertilizer physicochemical analysis such as $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ pH, N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphorus), K (Potassium) etc. The physicochemical parameters and bacterial community results pave the way for producing effective livestock-based fertilizer. By comparing the physical characteristics of the manure with microbial community changes, it is possible to optimize the conditions for producing effective fertilizer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.784-791
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• 2007

The present work aims to use a biofilter technology(aerated submerged filters) for the aerobic transformation at laboratory-scale of olive washing water(OWW) generated in the first steps of olive oil processing, as well as the genetic profiling and identification to the species level of the bacteria involved in the formation of the biofilm, by means of TGGE. Chemical parameters, such as biological oxygen demand at five days($BOD_5$) and chemical oxygen demand(COD), decreased markedly(up to 90 and 85%, respectively) by the biological treatment, and the efficiency of the process was significantly affected by aeration and inlet flow rates. The total polyphenol content of inlet OWW was only moderately reduced(around 50% decrease of the inlet content) after the biofilter treatment, under the conditions tested. Partial 16S rRNA genes were amplified using total DNA extracted from the biofilm and separated by TGGE. Sequences of isolated bands were mostly affiliated to the $\alpha-subclass$ of Proteobacteria, and often branched in the periphery of bacteria] genera commonly present in soil(Rhizobium, Reichenowia, Agrobacterium, and Sphingomonas). The data obtained by the experimentation at laboratory scale provided results that support the suitability of the submerged filter technology for the treatment of olive washing waters with the purpose of its reutilization.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1055-1063
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• 1966

Ground water hydrology may be defined as the science of the occnrrence, distribution, and movement of water below the surface of the earth. Geohydrology has an identical connotation, and hydrogeology differs only by its greater emphasis on geology. Ground water referred to with out further specification is commonly understood to mean water occupying all the voids with in a geologic stratum. This saturated zone is tobe distinguished from an unsaturated, or aeration zone where voids are filled \yith water and air. Water contained in saturate:! zones is important for engineering works, geologic studies, and water supply developements Conseqently, the occurrence of water in these zones will be emphasized here. Un-saturated zones are usualiy found above saturated zones and extending upward to the ground surface. Because this water includes soil moisture with in the root zone, it is a major concern of agricultlre, botmy and soil science. No rigid demarcation of waters, between the two zones is possible, for they possess an iriterdependent boundary and water can move from zone to zone in either science, including eology, hydrology, meteorology, and oceanography are concerned with earths water, but ground water hydrology may be regarded as a specialized science combining elements of geology, hydrology, and fluid mechanics. Geology governs the occurrence and distribution of ground water, hydrology determines the supply of water to the ground, and fluid mechanics explains its movement. To provide maximum development of grofnd water resources. for benefical use requires thinking in terms of an entire ground water basin. In order to inorease the natural supply of ground water, man has attempted to artifially recharge ground water basins. Coastal aquifers come in contact with the ocean at seawater of the coastline. Fresh ground water is discharged in to the ocean. the seaward flow of ground water has been decreased or even reversed, Sea water penettating in land in aquifer.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.34-41
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• 2020

Used disposable diapers have been considered for a long time as a type of waste difficult to recycle and valorize due to their composite nature including plastic, cellulose pulp, a super absorbent polymer and either urine, feces or both. Therefore, the fate of disposed diapers often is either incineration or landfill burial which both have various adverse environmental impacts. However, used disposable diapers contain nutrients: cellulose is an organic matter while urine and feces contain non negligible amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are primary nutrients included in most chemical fertilizers used in agriculture. In a scope of waste recycling and valorization, this study focuses on developing a method to achieve nutrient solution extraction from used disposable diapers. The experiment essentially consists in shredding the diapers and letting them macerate in solutions of sodium hydroxide with various concentrations to allow breaking down of the cellulose and super absorbent polymer and release of urine and feces before sterilizing the solutions in an autoclave to remove potential coliform bacteria. At the end of the experiment, a set of parameters is measured for the final solution to identify concentrations of nutrients as well as presence or absence of harmful substances. Results are discussed and directions for future studies are suggested, which include mechanization of the diapers shredding process or added aeration to enhance nitrification and absorption of extracted nutrients from plants.