• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.114-125
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analysis chromaticity, granulometry, main chemical composition and mineral crystal structure of wall soils excavated from Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle using color reader, XRD, particla size analyzer. The analysed soils of Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle were yellowish brown and isabella. All samples were sands or sands including silty soil(SW~SC) and showed similar granulometry, chemical composition and mineral crystal structure, which were characteristics of construction materials suitable for modern road or airstrip. As resulting in comparison with 4 factors from chromaticity, granulometry, main chemical composition and mineral crystal structure, we decided that the control soils(PNS) near by Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle were not to be used for the castle wall construction We presumed that there was a huge soil distribution area for the wall construction around Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle. For further study, we will make a comparison analysis all kinds of soil characteristics. And then we can understand correctly about wall soils producing area, construction method, repair method and time of Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.52-59
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find end-members and tracers which are effective to be applied in the End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) model for runoff separation at the Gwangneung coniferous forest catchment (13.6ha), Gyeonggido, Korea. We monitored three successive rainfall events during two weeks from June 26, 2005 to July 10, 2005, and analysed chemical properties of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, groundwater and soil water considered as main components of storm runoff. The followings are the results of analyses of each component and tracer. Groundwater, soil water and rainfall (or throughfall) were dominant runoff components. Rainfall and groundwater were selected as main components for the two components-one tracer mixing model, and groundwater, soilwater and throughfall were selected as main components for the three components-two tracers mixing model. Tracers were selected from anion ($Cl^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$), cation ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Ca^{2+}$) and Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) in event 1, 2, and 3. $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and ANC were selected in the two components-one tracer mixing model and ${SO_4}^{2-}-K^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Na^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Ca^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$-ANC, and $Ca^{2+}$-ANC were selected in the three components-two tracers mixing model. Selected main runoff components and tracers can provide basic information to determine the contribution rate of each runoff component and identify the runoff process in a forest watershed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.237-253
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• 2012

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda is constructed Baekje Period in the 7th century which is located in Iksan, Korea. This stone pagoda designated by National Treasure No. 11 is the only remaining pagoda. This pagoda has lost the original form in part and the whole stonework wase dismantled. Work for the restoration is currently in progress. This study was divided into soil strata such as construct layer of the temple site, foundation layer of the pagoda basement, and construct layer of the stylobate by stratum to interpretation the skill of rammed earth and making techniques. The of physical, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of soil samples were identified. Five pieces of soil in and around the Mireuksaji temple site was selected for the comparative study to interpretate the mutual homogeneity among soil stratum. As a result, artificial addition has not been identified in all soil samples using rammed earth. The soils used for the basement of the stone pagoda (construct layer of the temple site, foundation layer of the pagoda basement, construct layer of the stylobate) were confirmed to be the same origin as soil in and around Mireuksaji temple site. Thus these results indicate that the basement of the pagoda was constructed using soils in and around the Mireuksaji temple site without work as careful selection.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.517-519
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to find out the effects of heat conservation materials (burying in soil, lagging, lagging +straw, nonwoven fabric, nonwoven fabric+straw) on freezing damage, labor saving, and crown gall occurrence of 'Kyoho' grapes. Temperature differences in burying in soil and lagging with $2.8^{\circ}C$ and $6.4^{\circ}C$, respectively and were considered favorable for over-wintering of grapevines. Heat conservation index in lagging +straw and burying in soil calculated from degree-hours below $-10^{\circ}C$ was 5 to 7 times higher than that of open field. Budbreak started earlier in lagging with+straw and nonwoven fabric+straw covering, and percent budbreak was increased by 22% and 7%, respectively, as well as higher than burying in soil. Diameter of bearing mother branch and length of internode and daughter branch were gross or long with soil and lagging straw and nonwoven fabric+straw. Cane growth was enhanced by burying in soil and lagging with+straw treatment. Crown gall occured higher in soil covered grape vines Labor saving was obtained in lagging with as much as 44% compared to burying in soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.577-589
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• 2021

Soil seed bank community contributes to the long-term conservation of plant diversity and vegetation dynamics, and their decreasing diversity and density with soil depth provide critical perspectives (deterministic and stochastic) for understanding the community disassembly process. We analyzed changes in species composition and diversity and structuring patterns by soil layer (top and bottom), including surface vegetation, in Gwangneung Forest, a mature forest with a vegetation climate in the temperate central part of the Korean Peninsula. From two layers of soil collected with a vertical difference of 10 cm, 934 specimens of 27 families, 40 genera, 44 species, three varieties, and 47 taxa, germinated. Although species diversity and germination density decreased in most comparative characteristics, including growth type, there was no statistical significance due to large deviations. Within-group variability of species composition was similar in the upper and lower soils, as was the decline pattern in co-occurred species (ζ-diversity) and change in species retention probability. The structuring process of the community composition in the two soil layers was fitted with an exponential correlation rather than a power function, demonstrating the dominance of the stochastic process. The pattern in diversity and species turnover according to soil depth in Gwangneung Forest was discovered to be structured by stochastic random events, such as seed vertical movement rather than interaction with trait characteristics.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2002

High temperature during sprout emergence period of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a major limitation to the yield of fall-grown potato in Korea. To explore the possibility of improving the yield of fall-grown potato through recycled paper mulching, the changes of soil environment and the growth and yield of potato cv. Daeji as affected by three mulching treatments of non-mulched control, recycled paper mulching (RPM), and black polyethylene film-mulching (BPFM) were examined over two fall seasons at Suwon, Korea. The mulching materials were a recycled mulch paper with 110 g/$m^2$ and a thickness of 0.1 mm, which was manufactured from old corrugated containers for this experiment and a commercial black polyethylene film with a thickness of 0.01mm. On an average throughout the growing period, the soil temperature with RPM at the 5-cm depth was lower by 0.4-1.1$^{\circ}C$ than that of the control. The maximum temperature during daytime in RPM was lowered by approximately 1 to 5$^{\circ}C$ according to the weather condition during emergence period, the difference being great on a fine day. The soil temperature with BPFM was much higher than the control. The effect of the mulching treatments diminished as the canopy became developed. The mulching treatments were more advantageous than the control in the conservation of soil water. Moreover, RPM and BPFM efficiently suppressed the occurrence of weeds until the potato harvest. RPM improved the emergence significantly due to lower soil temperature, whereas BPFM showed much poorer emergence than the control. Growth after emergence and yield were significantly higher in RPM than in the control and BPFM. It was concluded that the significantly improved yield in RPM compared to that in the control was mainly due to the improvement of the sprout emergence and tuber growth accompanied by lower soil temperature and better conservation of soil water.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The whole objective of two papers in series was to develop the framework of an information management system (IMS) for soil-contaminated sites. In this work, we investigated current status of information management in our country and the IMSs of developed countries such as USA, Germany, Netherlands, and Japan. Through the investigation, we made four suggestions which could be taken into account for developing the IMS's framework. Firstly, we need to append the amendments on definition of information management and opening to the public to the Soil Environment Conservation Law. Secondly, detailed guidelines for each cleanup phase need to be developed. Thirdly, in order to increase the access of the public into the IMS, we need to provide electronic data files (e.g., PDF files) for them. Finally, a sole institution need to be chosen to control efficiently the IMS. In the subsequent paper, we will develop the framework of the IMS, based on the results of this work.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.42-57
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• 2011

We described the above-ground plant species composition and measured a range of soil physico-chemical properties and the composition and size of the soil seed bank in the remnant natural vegetations on the flood plains of the Han River within Seoul, South Korea. We used analysis of variance and multivariate analyses to analyse the data and S${\o}$rensen's similarity index to compare the composition of the vegetation and seed banks. The soils were circum-neutral and composed of mainly sand and silt fractions with a very limited clay component; a gradient based on sand/clay proportions was identified. The soil seed banks varied markedly between- and within-sites and had much greater species diversity than the above-ground vegetation. Two of the major dominants in the vegetation (Miscanthus saccariflorus and Phragmites australis) were found at very low densities in the seed bank. The site differences appeared to be correlated with the sand-clay gradient, suggesting that the soil properties differentially affected seed inputs into the soil, or that the processes than controlled sediment deposition during floods was also important in differentially affecting seed deposition. Lastly, there was relatively little similarity between the vegetation, dominated mainly by perennials, and the seed bank which contained a relatively large proportion of annuals and biennials. This result suggests that after disturbance caused by flooding there is the potential for many other species to colonize. This may impinge on the regeneration potential of the sites and cause concern for the future conservation of these important remnants of natural vegetation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.724-734
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• 2019

This study selected a representative small arm firing range and analyzed the distribution of heavy metal pollutants such as Pb, Cu, Zn, etc. For this the concentrations of heavy metals in soils, roots and leaves of plants, and water of the small arm firing range were measured. The concentrations of heavy metals in the effluent were also checked during precipitation. The concentration of lead in the samples collected from the top soil(0-5 cm) and sub soil(5-50 cm) near the target in the small arm firing range exceeded the concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea, but not in other soil samples. Plants that grow in soil heavily contaminated with lead showed a high lead concentration, especially in roots. However, the concentration of lead in effluent from the small arm firing range was less than 0.02 ppm. The concentration of copper and zinc in the small arm firing range did not surpass the concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea. Through this study more accurate information on the distribution of heavy metal pollution in the soil of the small arm firing range was obtained. Based on this research, we can conclude that some facility improvements can reduce the spreading of pollutants in the currently used small arm firing range and contribute to the design and operation of advanced small arm firing ranges.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.229-240
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• 1972

Radioisotopes and their related techniques have recently been applied for scientific conservation works of cultural property and resulted many excellent findings or conservation data which could never be achieved by means of other techniques. Radiocarbon dating have widely been applied for dating the antique of organic origin, whereas the determination of radioactive contents in metal, ceramics, environmental soil, and classical objects could be able to afford many useful informations on the age, genuiness, and archeological significances as it had been produced. Trace quantity of contents of each antique have successfully been analyzed by means of radioactivation analysis or radio active tracer techniques, which could afford important technical data and results for tile conservation of each object. Radiography have also been applied for detecting the internal defects of metal objects and furthermore $\beta$-and ${\gamma}$-ray radiography were proved to be effective for such thin material as textile, painting, and fibres. In this article the detailed principle and procedures of each technique were presented so that the society could be able to make efforts to familiarize all concerns with these modern trends of the conservation techniques of cultural property.