• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.644-652
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• 2017

Clover, a legume crop, is a landscape crop and green manure crop that can be sowing in spring. Clover serves various roles such as landscape composition, weeds suppressing, prevention of soil loss and nutrients on sloping, atmosphere purification, and supplying nitrogen in soil. Thus, in order to utilize this crop in agricultural land, we observed its effect on growth and carbon uptake in upland soil. The plant height of clover species increased with late harvesting time and was 46.0~55.0 cm at 90 days after seeding (DAS) and the longest in red clover. The dry matter increased at 85 DAS, after that, decreased slightly. The dry matter of white clover and red clover was $3.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $3.1Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, and crimson clover was $2.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, significantly lower than other clover. Crops bloomed at 90 DAS were white clover and crimson clover, the period from sowing to flowering was 78 days for crimson clover and 85 days for white clover. The nitrogen content of the clover species was $12.0{\sim}29.3g\;kg^{-1}$, with the highest of $29.3g\;kg^{-1}$ for white clover. The carbon content of clover species was similar in all clover species, but carbon uptake was high in white clover and red clover, and lowest in crimson clover. The carbon uptake of the plant increased to 85 DAS and then decreased. Based on the clover growth and carbon uptake, white clover and red clover were promising when sown in spring.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.785-795
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• 2019

In order to analyze the sensitivity of carbon dioxide flux by soil temperature in the grassplot, carbon dioxide flux and soil temperature were observed 24 times from March, 2010 to March, 2011 at nine sites in the grassplot. The average of $CO_2$ in the grassplot is $2.2{\sim}36.7^{\circ}C$, the highest in August, the lowest in January, and the average of carbon dioxide flux is $12{\sim}1479mgCO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$, and the carbon dioxide emission from the grassplot to the atmosphere was 10 times higher in summer than in winter. The temperature response coefficient estimated by the exponential function of carbon dioxide flux according to soil temperature was ranged from 0.1065 to 0.1274, and the increase tendency of $CO_2$ flux with soil temperature was linear at $0{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and exponential at $20{\sim}40^{\circ}C$. The $Q_{10}$ values for each of nine observation sites on the grassplot was in the range of 2.901 ~ 3.575, and the $Q_{10}$ value using the total data observed in the lawn was estimated to be 3.374. In the homogeneous grassplot area, the average of $Q_{10}$ values by observation point and the $Q_{10}$ value by the total data were estimated similarly.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2010

This paper was studied $CO_2$ respiration rate with physicochemical properties of soils at wetland, paddy field and forest in Nongju-ri, Haeryong-myeon, Suncheon city, Jeollanam-do. Soil temperature and $CO_2$ respiration rate were measured at the field, and soil pH, moisture and soil organic carbon were analyzed in laboratory. Field monitoring was conducted at 6 points (W3, W7, W13, W17, W23, W27) for wetland, 3 points (P1, P2, P3) for paddy field and 3 points (F1, F2, F3) for forest in 10 January 2009. $CO_2$ concentrations in chamber were measured 352~382 ppm for wetland, 364~382 ppm for paddy field and 379~390 ppm for forest, and the average values were 370 ppm, 370 ppm and 385 ppm, respectively. $CO_2$ respiration rates of soils were measured $-73{\sim}44\;mg/m^2/hr$ for wetland, $-74{\sim}24\;mg/m^2/hr$ for paddy field and $-55{\sim}106\;mg/m^2/hr$ for forest, and the average values were $-8\;mg/m^2/hr$, $-25\;mg/m^2/hr$ and $38\;mg/m^2/hr$. $CO_2$ was uptake from air to soil in wetland and paddy field, but it was emission from soil to air in forest. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in uptake condition increased exponential and linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. But, it in emission condition decreased linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in wetland decreased linear as soil moisture, but its in paddy and forest increased linear as soil moisture. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in all sites increased linear as soil pH, and increasing rate at forest was highest.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.588-595
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• 2014

탄소나노물질은 대표적인 나노물질로써, 풀러렌, 탄소나노튜브, 그래핀 등을 포함한다. 탄소나노물질은 다양한 분야에서 널리 이용되고 있는데, 생산, 사용, 처리 등의 단계에서 환경에 노출될 수 있고, 일단 노출이 되면 다양한 계로 확산되어 여러 생태학적 수용체에 큰 위협이 될 수 있다. 탄소나노물질이 토양환경에 노출되었을 때, 물의 흐름을 따라 토양을 통과하여 지하수에 노출될 가능성 여부를 판단하기 위하여 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 토양이 탄소나노물질의 이동을 제한하는 역할을 잘하는 것으로 판단될 경우에는, 탄소나노물질의 지하수 노출 가능성이 상당히 낮아질 것이다. 본 논문에서는 최근까지 토양 매질체에서 탄소나노물질의 이동과 관련하여 수행된 연구들을 정리하였다. 또한, 이러한 연구들을 통해 알려진 탄소나노물질의 이동에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 제시하였다. 그리고, 탄소나노물질의 이동을 모사하는데 이용되는 DLVO이론, 콜로이드 여과이론 그리고 이동모델을 제시하였다. 최근, 국내에서도 탄소나노물질의 생산과 상업적, 환경적 이용이 급속히 증가하고 있다. 따라서, 국내에서 생산되고 유통되는 탄소나노물질의 토양환경에서 이동에 관한 연구들이 향후에도 다양한 토양 환경조건에서 수행되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

Due to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and global warming, the importance of forest ecosystems, as a place of carbon accumulation and emission, has received a great amount of recognition lately. This study was performed to help understand and provide the current status of carbon cycle in the pinus densiflora stand, Korea. The samples were collected from average 35-years-old Pinus densifiora rands in Gongju, Youngdong, Chungsan, Muju, Mupung, and Jangsu regions. Total thirty aboveground sample trees were cut, and ten roots were sampled, and soil samples were collected. Average carbon concentrations in foliage, branch, stem bark, stem wood, and root were 55.7%, 56.0%, 56.0%, 57.3%, and 56.5%, respectively. Carbon content was estimated by the model $Wt=aD^b$ where Wt is oven-dry weight in kg and D is DBH in cm. Total carbon content (aboveground and root) was 42.39tonC/ha in the Pinus densiflora stand. The proportion of each tree component to total carbon content was high in order of stemwood, root, branch, stem bark, and foliage. Total net primary production (aboveground and root) was estimated at 6.51tonC/ha/yr in Pinus densiflora stand. The proportion of each tree component to total net primary carbon content was high in order of sternwood, root, branch, foliage and stembark. Soil carbon contents in the study sites was 43.51tonC/ha at 0-50cm soil depth.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2005

삼림생태계의 유기탄소 분포를 파악하기 위하여, 공주지역 상수리나무림에서 연순생산량, 연간 낙엽생산량, 임상 낙엽층의 유기탄소량, 토양의 유기탄소량, 연간 토양호흡량을 조사하였다. 조사기간 중 상수리나무림의 순일차생산량은 15.84 ton $C{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$으로 추정되었으며, 잎과 생식기관, 가지, 줄기, 뿌리에 각각 1.71, 4.03, 7.34, 2.76 ton $C{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$이 배분되었다. 연간 낙엽생산량은 5.21 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$이었으며, 생산된 낙엽을 통해 연간 임상으로 이입되는 유기탄소량은 2.35 ton $C{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$이었다. 상수리나무 임상 낙엽층의 평균 유기탄소량은 6.06 ton C/ha로 조사되었으며, L층의 유기탄소량은 동절기에서 하절기로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 토양층별 유기탄소 함량은 표층에서 하층으로 갈수록 낮아졌으며, 본 상수리나무림 토양의 단위면적당 유기탄소량은 165.19 ton C/ha로 조사되었다. 상수리나무림은 토양호흡을 통해 연간 11.24 ton $C{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$를 대기 중으로 방출하였다. 조사지 상수리나무림은 대기 중으로부터 연간 4.60 ton $C{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$을 순흡수 하였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.336-344
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• 2017

Background: Because of climate change, interest in the development of carbon pools has increased. In agricultural ecosystems, which can be more intensively managed than forests, measures to control carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission and absorption levels can be applied relatively easily. However, crop residues may be released into the atmosphere by decomposition or combustion. If we can develop scientific management techniques that enable these residues to be stocked on farmland, then it would be possible to convert farmlands from carbon emission sources to carbon pools. We analyzed and investigated soil respiration (Rs) rate characteristics according to input of carbonized residue of red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), a widely grown crop in Korea, as a technique for increasing farmland carbon stock. Results: Rs rate in the carbonized biomass (CB) section was $226.7mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, which was 18.1% lower than the $276.9mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ from the red pepper residue biomass (RB) section. The Rs rate of the control was $184.1mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$. In the following year, Rs in the CB section was $204.0mg\;CO_2\;m{-2}h^{-1}$, which was 38.2% lower than the $330.1mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ from the RB section; the control emitted $198.6mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$. Correlation between Rs and soil temperature ((Ts) at a depth of 5 cm) was $R^2=0.51$ in the RB section, which was higher than the other experimental sections. A comparison of annual decomposition rates between RB and CB showed a large difference, 41.4 and 9.7%, respectively. The results showed that carbonization of red pepper residues reduced the rates of decomposition and Rs. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that the Rs rate can be reduced by carbonization of residue biomass and putting it in the soil and that the Rs rate and Ts (5 cm) were positively correlated. Based on the results, it was determined that approximately $1.2t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ were sequestered in the soil in the first year and $3.0t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ were stored the following year. Therefore, approximately $1.5t\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ are expected to be stocked in the soil, making it possible to develop farmlands into carbon pools.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2016

과수원에서 발생하는 전정가지 부산물로부터 생산한 바이오매스 탄화물의 토양내 처리효과를 구명하기 위하여 배 전정가지를 활용하여 탄화물을 생산하고 이를 배 과원 토양에 투입하여 토양 화학성 변화와 토양 탄소 저장 잠재량을 비교 검토하였다. 배 전정가지 유래 탄화물은 방향족 화합물 형태를 유지하고 탄소함량도 62%로 매우 높았으며, 과원 토양의 유기물함량은 탄화물의 투입량이 많을수록 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 탄화물 투입 166일 후 토양 탄소저장 잠재량은 바이오매스 탄화물 시용 수준이 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 대조구, C-1 그리고 C-2 처리구에서 각각 토양 탄소저장 잠재량은 40.1, 49.3 그리고 57.8 Mg/ha으로 나타났다. 토양 탄소저장 잠재량은 탄화물 투입량에 따라 고도로 높은 상관관계 (P < 0.001)를 나타내며 증가하였다. 기울기가 1.496인 1차 회귀방정식을 나타냈으며, 탄화물 투입량이 100 kg/ha 높아질수록 토양 탄소 저장 잠재량은 0.1496 Mg/ha 증가하였다. 이러한 결과를 미루어 볼 때 장기간 동안 지속적으로 바이오매스 탄화물을 시용한다면 토양 탄소의 중요한 공급원이 되며 결론적으로 농경지가 토양 탄소저장원으로서의 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 1997

본 연구는 여러 종류의 매립지에서 발생가스를 측정하여, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. (1) $CH_4$가스는 대부분 수직가스포집관에서 유출되며, $CO_2$가스는 총유출량의 약 50% 정도가 수직가스포집관을 통하여 유출된다. (2) 매립지 표면에서는 $CH_4$가스 보다 $CO_2$가스가 많이 유출된다. (3) 사면 복토층은 면적비율이 작으나 가스 발생량이 많으며, 특히 $CO_2$가스의 발생율이 높다. (4) 새로 반입된 쓰레기층 표면에서의 $CH_4$가스 발생량은 미소이므로 무시하여도 되나, $CO_2$ 가스 유출량이 많다. (5) 쓰레기층 노출, 복토층 다짐정도등에 따라 가스 발생량의 변화를 보인다. (6) 가스포집관과 복토 표면에서의 가스 유출량은 $CH_4$가스 유출이 많으나, 매립지 전체에서는 $CO_2$가스 유출량이 많다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

Carbon sequestration on soil is one of the counter measurements against climate change in agricultural sector. Increasing incorporation of organic fertilizer would increase soil organic carbon (SOC) but it could bring high potential of nutrient losses which would result in water quality degradation. In this paper, literature review on soil organic carbon behavior according to agricultural management is presented. The results of field experiment to identify the effect of organic and commercial fertilizer applications on SOC and runoff water quality were also presented. Field experiment confirmed increased SOC and nutrient concentrations in runoff water as application rate of organic fertilizer increase. The potential use of simulation model to develop best agricultural management practice considering carbon sequestration and water quality conservation at the same time is discussed and monitoring and modeling strategies are also suggested to achieve the goal.