• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1977

This experiment was conducted in order to find out the drawing performance of a two-wheel tractor under different levels of the soil moisture and hardness, so as to obtain some basic data for improving their drawing performance. With fairly homogeneous soil, 5 levels of soil moisture contents (8, 13, 17, 20 and 23%) and 3 levels of soil hardness (0 , 2 and 4kg/$cm^2$) were selected for this experiment.The summerized results are as follows ;1. The draft force, on the hard soil (hardness ; 4kg/$cm^2$), had a distinct tendency to decrease with the increasing soil moisture. On the medium soil (hardness ; 2 kg/$cm^2$), and the soft soil (hardness ; 0kg$cm^2$), the draft force showed the highest when the moisture contents were within the range of 16-19%.But the maximum draft force, on the soft soil, was higher than that on the medium soil by 10 %. 2. The driving axle torque increased with increasing soil by 10 %. 3.The values of horizontal distance between the soil reaction point and axle shaft were within the range of 0~10cm , and it had the tendency to increase with the increasing soil moisture. Also, it s value was the largest on the hard soil and the smallest on the soft soil. 4.The tractive efficiency decreased with the increasing soil moisture. On the hard soil, the average value of tractive efficiency was higher than that on the medium soil by 19.0% and that on the soft soil was lower than that on the medium soil. 5.The traction ratio were within the range of 30 ~45%, and their changing tendency with respect to the soil moisture was similar to that in the case of the draft force. 6. The travel resistance ratio tended to increased with increasing soil moisture, and the highest value was found on the soft soil, and the lowest on the hard soil.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2009

This study was conducted to assess water movement in paddy-upland rotation soil scheduled for ginseng cultivation through the measurement of infiltration and permeability of soil water. Soil sample was divided with four soil layers. The first soil layer (to 30cm from top soil) was loamy sand, the second and the third soil layers (30$\sim$70 ㎝) were sand, and the fourth (< 120 ㎝) was sandy loam. The soil below 130 ㎝ of fourth soil layer was submerged under water. The shear strength, which represents the resisting power of soil against external force, was 3.1 kPa in the first soil layer. This corresponded to 1/8 of those of another soil layer and this value could result in soil erosion by small amount of rainfall. The rates of infiltration and permeability depending on soil layers were 39.86 cm $hr^{-1}$ in top soil, 2.34 cm $hr^{-1}$ in 30$\sim$70 ㎝ soil layer, 5.23 cm $hr^{-1}$ and 0.18 cm $hr^{-1}$ in 70$\sim$120 ㎝ soil layer, with drain tile, and without drain tile, respectively. We consider that ground water pooled in paddy soil and artificial formation of soil layer could interrupt water canal within soil and affect negatively on water movement. Therefore, we suggest that to drain at 5 m intervals be preferable when it makes soil dressing or soil accumulation to cultivate ginseng in paddy-upland rotation soil to reduce failure risk of ginseng cultivation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.105-114
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• 2012

Soil moisture plays a pivotal role in hydrological processes, especially in the forest which covers more than 64% of the national land. Soil moisture was monitored to analyze soil moisture change characteristics in terms of time and soil layers in this study. 2 Years soil moisture change data was obtained from the experimental nut pine forest and statistical analysis including auto-correlation and cross-corelation among soil moisture data from different soil layers was conducted. Using the monitored soil moisture data, a relationship between soil moisture change and precipitation was analyzed and seasonal soil moisture change characteristics were analyzed. From the result of inter-relationships among soil layers in terms of season and time lag, soil moisture change characteristics in the nut pine forest were upper soil layers were much sensitive than lowers, and seasonal variation if soil moisture for upper soil layers were bigger than lowers showing low correlation with precipitation in winter and spring due to freezing and snowfalls.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1985

The study was carried out to confirm the changes of soil physico-chemical properties and population of Fusarium solani by soil managements at preplanning fields for ginseng cultivation. Soil porosity and aggregation had been significantly increased during the managements while exchangeable nitrogen content and bulk density of the soil had been decreased. Available phosphate and exchangeable potassium content, in addition, seemed to be slightly increased. And soil aggregation showed positive correlation with clay, organic matter, soil moisture, and Ca content in the soil but negative with K content. Decrease rate of NH4-N and NO3-N content after soil managements were 55% and 41% in average, respectively. And better decrease effect for NH4-N was obtained in sand loam soil whereas no effect for NO3-N with soil textures. The more ploughing seemed to result in less propagules of F solani in the soil, however there was non significant decrease in population of the pathogen after the soil management. Number of F. solani in soil was significantly less in the fields where gramineous and leguminous crops had been grown as a precrop than other crops tested. Meanwhile there was no correlation between soil texture and population of the pathogen in the soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.11-15
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• 2006

Attempts were made to increase an efficiency of soil contamination investigation systems (SCISs) including Soil Network and Special Soil Contamination Management Facility Sites in Korea. In order to increase low efficiencies resulting from inappropriate SCISs, possible policy suggestions are driven based on the results from problem findings of Korean policy and comparisons of policies on industrialized countries including United States, United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Japan. First, functions of Soil Environment Conservation Act (SECA) on liability should be updated and reinforced to initiate a soil contamination investigation process for stakeholders including an owner(s) or a responsible party(ies) of the potentially soil contamination sites positively. Second, appropriate SCISs should be emerged for implementing the Soil Network and Special Soil Contamination Management Facility Sites properly. Stakeholders for the potentially contaminated sites should easily access and raise the soil contamination issues, and soil contamination investigation implemented by liable and profit environment (consulting) companies should be encouraged. Third, the soil contamination reporting system of SECA needs to change legally responsible. Further more, public announcement system showing soil quality of a site which exceeds a certain scale would be considerable. Fourth, liable environment (consulting) companies should legally execute Soil Environment Assessment of SECA.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 1998

Pyrene is a common petroleum contaminant. This compound is recalcitrant to biological degradation and persists long in contaminated environments. A microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the degradation rate of pyrene in three different of soil : rhizosphere soil ; non-rhizosphere soil ; and sterilized soil. The degradation rate followed the order of rhizosphere soil)non-rhizosphere soil)sterilized soil. And the rate did not change significantly when organic acids commonly found in the rhizosphere were added to each soil but it seemed to be well related to the increase of the number of microorganisms. Overall, it appears that pyrene is degraded faster in the rhizosphere soil which has the higher microorganism density.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.15-24
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• 2014

Soil pollution has been recognized as a serious problem because it causes groundwater pollution through medium contacts. Although concentration of individual chemical could be more easily measured by physico-chemical analysis, it is not easy to consider the bioavailability of edaphic receptors living in soil or groundwater. To measure the toxicity of soil, the soil extracts (soil elutriates or soil suspensions in the other words) are often used due to the difficulties of extracting soil pore water. In this study, we reviewed 15 toxicity test methods found in literature to analyze the detail of each extraction method and to recommend the most frequently used extraction methods. The identified most commonly used extraction methods are as following: The 1 : 4 soil:water ratio, 24 hours shaking time, room temperature, dark, and separation of supernatant using a $0.45{\mu}m$ pore size filter.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.299-312
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• 2000

The response of an embedded body to dynamic loads is greatly influenced by the reactions of the soil to the motion of the body. The properties of the soil surrounding embedded bodies (e.g., piles) may be different than those of the far-field for a variety of reasons. It may be weakened or strengthened according to the method of installation of piles, or altered due to applying one of the soil strengthening technique (e.g., electrokinetic treatment of soil, El Naggar et al. 1998). In all these cases, the shear strength of the soils and its shear modulus vary gradually in the radial direction, resulting in a radially inhomogeneous soil layer. This paper describes an analysis to compute vertical and torsional dynamic soil reactions of a radially inhomogeneous soil layer with a circular hole. These soil reactions could then be used to model the soil resistance in the analysis of the pile vibration under dynamic loads. The soil layer is considered to have a piecewise, radial variation for the complex shear modulus. The model is developed for soil layers improved using the electrokinetic technique but can be used for other situations where the soil properties vary gradually in the radial direction (strengthened or weakened). The soil reactions (impedance functions) are evaluated over a wide range of parameters and compared with those obtained from other solutions. A parametric study was performed to examine the effect of different soil improvement parameters on vertical and torsional impedance functions of the soil. The effect of the increase in the shear modulus and the width of the improved zone is investigated.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.142-151
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• 2020

Background: Suppressive soil inhibits soil-borne diseases if pathogens are present, and ginseng does not show injury even if replanted in the same field. Methods and Results: Soil chemical properties and microbial community of soil were investigated in soil suppressive and conducive to ginseng root rot. Root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng was tested by mixing conducive soil, with suppressive or sterilized suppressive soil. The root rot ratio in suppressive soil was 43.3% compared to 96.7% in conducive soil. Biological factors acted to inhibit the root rot because disease ratio was increased in the sterilized suppressive soil compared to that in non-suppressive soil. The suppressive soil had lower pH, nitrate nitrogen and sodium than the conducive soil. Dominat bacteria and fungi (more than 1.0%) were 3 and 17 species in conducive soil and 7 and 23 species in suppressive soil, respectively. The most predominant fungi were Pseudaleuria sp. HG936843 (28.70%) in conducive soil and Pseudogymnoascus roseus (7.52%) in suppressive soil. Conclusion: Microbial diversity was more abundant in the suppressive soil than in the conducive soil, and the proportion of pathogens (Nectriaceae sp.) causing root rot was significantly lower in the suppressive soil than in the conducive soil.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.E
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• pp.9-17
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• 1998

Oxides of nitrogen play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. Soil has been recognized as a major natural source of NO, and its emission depends on soil parameters such as soil nitrogen availability, soil moisture and temperature. It is necessary to understand effects of these controlling parameters on soil NO emission. In order to understand soil moisture effects on NO emission, variations of NO concentration and existence of its equilibrium concentration were observed from ammonium fertilized Japanese upland soil prepared for different soil moisture conditions. The closed chamber technique was employed for this study. The significant increases in NO with soil moisture were found. Maximum was occurred at sample ID4 (55% of water-filled pore space (WFPS)), but it decreased as soil moisture increased. No significant NO concentration was emitted from soil sample without fertilizer, but there was significant NO in fertilized soil samples. The magnitudes of NO from soil increased with time and reached at steady state within ten minutes approximately. These results suggest that nitrogen input from fertilizer takes charge in the first step of sharp increase in NO emission, and then soil moisture becomes important factor to control NO emission from the soils. NO concentrations from soil were compared to those one-day after the experiment. Results from the comparison analysis suggest that the soil NO flux might have been stimulated by soil disturbances like mixing, and this is much more effective in dry soils rather than in wet soils. It was found that much less NO came out from soils after a day; suggesting that most of NO was released from the soils within a day after fertilizer application during our experiment. The length of NO releasing time span may depend on the amounts of fertilizer applied, soil moisture condition, and other soil physical parameters.