• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.3 s.62
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• pp.411-420
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• 1997

The propose of this study was to quantify the changes of soft tissue profile following orthodontic treatment and to evaluate the relationship of those to the skeletal elements. Pre-and post-treatment lateral cephalometric head films of 40 cases(20 extraction cases, 20 non-extraction cases) were traced, and the changes following treatment were measured and quantified by digital subtraction method, and statisticall analyzed. The obtained results were as follows; 1. in extraction group, the change of upper lip area(UL) was $558.60\pm355.17$ pixels, that of lower lip area(LL) was $941.15\pm364.07$ pixels. But, in non-extraction group the change of uper lip area(UL) was $125.65\pm404.16$ pixels, that of lower lip area(LL) was $104.05\pm440.93$ pixels, which was significantly lesser than those in extraction group. 2. In extraction group, there was significant correlationship between upper lip area change(UL) and difference of upper incisor point(${\Delta}UIP$). Lower lip area change(LL) was significantly correlated with difference of upper incisor(${\Delta}UIP$), difference of Franlrfort upper incisor angle(${\Delta}FUIA$) or difference of interincisal angle(${\Delta}IIA$). 3. In extraction group, the ratio of difference of upper incisor point(${\Delta}UIP$) to difference of labrale superius(${\Delta}LSP$) was 1.68; difference of lower incisor point(${\Delta}LIP$) to difference of labrale inferius(${\Delta}LI$) was 1.19; difference of upper incisor point(${\Delta}UIP$) to increment in upper lip thickness(${\Delta}TUL$) was 1.95. 4. In non-extraction group, there was a significant correlationship between upper lip area change(UL) and difference of upper incisor point(${\Delta}UIP$).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.547-556
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal, dental and soft tissue profile changes following the face mask therapy in growing skeletal class III malocclusion patients. The fifteen patients with the good results were selected among the patients who visited the Department of Orthodontics in Seoul National University Hospital. The mean age was 10.63(range 7.25-13.25) years and the mean treatment duration was 9.84(range 2.00-27.00) months. Lateral cephalograms were taken just before and after face mask application. After tracing the cephalograms, thirty five items(twety angular and fifteen linear) were measured. The differences before and after the face mask therapy were compared statistically by the paired t-test(p<0.05). The results were as follows : SNA and Co-A(effective maxillary length) increased significantly after using the face mask(p<0.001), which reflects the orthopedic changes of maxilla. SNB and Co-Gn(effective mandibular length) also showed an increase(p<0.01), which may be a result of the strong growth trends of the samples. FMA, SN-GoGn and Y-axis angle increased significantly(p<0.01), which means the backward and downward rotation of the mandible. This positional change seemed to have compensated an increase of effective mandibular length. There was no statistically significant difference in angulation of upper and lower incisors between pre-treatment and post-treatment(p>0.05). In soft tissue profile, the upper lip was positioned anteriorly(p<0.01) after treatment and approximated to the normal standards.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.388-396
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of malocclusion on the self-esteem of female university students. Methods: The subjects were composed of 67 female university students who showed Class 1 molar relation, no missing or supernumerary teeth and has had no orthodontic treatment experience. Each subject was evaluated with Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale to measure the level of self-esteem and also evaluated the degree of anterior crowding and lip protrusion through model analysis and cephalometric soft tissue profile analysis. Results: The results showed that a protrusive profile and crowding of upper anterior teeth had significant reducing effects on the level of self-esteem. The protrusion and crowding groups showed no significant differences in self-esteem between groups. Conclusions: Malocclusion had significant negative effects on the self-esteem of female university students. Further research to investigate the negative psychological influence of malocclusion and the education of lay people about this influence is necessary.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.5 s.94
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• pp.355-360
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• 2002

After orthodontic treatment, there are several changes in soft tissue profile. Changes appear at lower anterior facial profile area, especially upper and lower lip. But there are many individual variations in the pattern of changes. So, this study was conducted to find out that the basic upper lip thickness could be one of the factors that could influence the treatment results. The samples were composed of 43 adult patients who had their 4 first premolars extracted. Groups were classified by their basic lip thickness. In group 1(thin upper lip group), there was negative relationship between mentolabial angle and lower lip change. In group 2(average lip thickness group), upper lip change was related to upper incisor change, lower incisor change, lower lip change and nasolabial angle change. And lower lip change was related to upper lip change, upper incisor change, lower incisor change. In group 3(thick upper lip group), there was no relation between both lip change and other variables.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.219-229
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to define the characteristics of the skeleton and soft tissues of severe adult class III malocclusion. The materials selected for this study were lateral cephalograms of 112 adult class III malocclusion patients with ANB difference below -2 degrees. and the mean age was 22.9 years old. The normal control sampler consisted of lateral cephalograms of 50 adults in normal occlusion and the mean age was 22.1 years old. The Horizontal reference line was FH line and the vertical reference line was nasion perpendicular to FH line. The skeletal and soft tissue characteristics of Class III malocclusion are as follows : 1. In the skeletal profile evaluated by vertical reference line (Nasion perpendicular to FH), the forehead and maxilla was similar to normal, but the mandible was protruded significantly. 2. The soft tissue profile is concave. The thickness of soft tissue covering forehead area and nose is within normal range. but the upper lip is thicker and the nasolabial angle is smaller than normal. The lower lip and inferior labial sulcus is thinner than normal. The degree of eversion of lower lip is lesser than normal. 3. The cranial base of class III malocclusion is shorter and saddle angle is smaller than normal. 4. The location of midface evaluated in relations to cranial base is within normal range but, the length of midface is shorter than normal when compared from the deep portion of the facial skeleton. 5. The location of maxilla in reference to cranial base is within normal range but the length of maxilla was shorter in class III malocclusion. 6. The mandible was protruded, ramus height and body length, gonial angle were greater than normal, and the chin angle was smaller. 7. Upper incisor was proclined, lower incisor was retroclined.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2023

To obtain better esthetic results when immediately placing a dental implant, the soft tissue surrounding the implant must be conditioned during healing of the extraction socket. To this end, the emergence profile can be customized through immediate restoration of the provisional prosthesis, and good clinical results can be obtained at the time of definitive restoration in the future, resulting in high patient satisfaction. In this case, horizontal root fracture occurred after trauma to both maxillary central incisors. Immediate implant placement and loading was planned considering aesthetics and alveolar bone condition. By taking an impression using a digital intraoral scanner, a digital diagnostic wax-up was performed to make a more aesthetic prosthesis without applying external force to the traumatized teeth. Based on this, the ideal placement location was determined and immediate implant placement was performed using a 3D printed surgical guide. The provisional prosthesis was restored 5 days after placement, and the definitive zirconia crown was restored through soft tissue conditioning and customization using the shape of the provisional prosthesis for 3 months.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.338-345
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was intended to perform cephalometric comparison between the patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The factors influencing the OSA in the lateral cephalogram was also investigated. Patient and Method : Twenty four patients who visited Sleep Disorder Clinic in Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University and evaluated with polysomnograph(PSG) and cephalogram were included in the study. The patients had apnea-hypopnea episode(AHI) over 10 times per hour was diagnosed as OSA after overnight PSG. To evaluate hard and soft tissue profile, cephalometric radiogram were taken at maximal intercuspation(P1) and mandibular protruding position(P2). The diffefence between the OSA and normal group were evaluated statistically and the stepwise regression analysis was applied to analyse the cephalometric influencing factors to OSA. Result : The OSA Group(n=14) had significantly higher Body Mass Index(BMI) than control group(n=10). Lower facial height(ANSGn) was longer in OSA group. However statistically significant difference was not detected in other anteroposterior craniofacial measurements. The soft palate lenth (PNS-P), hyoid position (MP-Hyoid) had positive correlation between AHI (r=0.496, r=0.413, respectively, p<0.05). However, the measurements of oropharyngeal airway was not different between the two groups. The hypothesis, the antero-posteriorly narrow oropharyngeal airway might aggravate the airway resistance and can give rise to higher AHI, was not accepted in the study. This can be attributed by inclusion of the patients performed uvulopalatopharyngoplasty because of the tonsilar or soft palate hypertrophy in the present study. The results of regression analysis revealed that PNS-P, upper airway width(Nph1), upper facial heght(N-ANS), and lower facial height(ANS-Gn) could influence the degree of AHI (F value < 0.0001, $R^2$ = 0.829). Conclusion : We suggest lateral cephalogram may utilized as a useful method to evaluate OSA. The patient with long soft palate, narrow upper airway width, long upper & lower facial height can be expected to have high risk of OSA. However, it should be emphasized the comphrehensive intraoral inspection including soft palate and tonsilar hypertrophy because lateral cepahlogram cannot visualize oropharyngeal status completely.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.3 s.42
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• pp.341-358
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• 1993

This study was investigated to evaluate the morphologic characteristics of deepbite tendency as multiple factors. The subjects consisted of 60 control subjects(male 25, female 35) and 137 deephite patients(68 male, 69 female). The deepbite group was composed of 4 subgroups(Class I 44, Class II div. 1 40, Class II div. 2 13, Class III 40). The mean age was 21.57 year for the control group 21 year for deepbite group lateral cephalograph in centric occlusion were taken, traced, and digitized for each subject. The statistically computerized analysis was carried out with SAS program. The results were as follows ; 1. In deepbite group, saddle angle is lesser than that of normal group. 2. The vertical dysplasia is prominent on anterior lower face and is closely related with mandibular form and inclination. 3. Without consideration of sagittal relationship, the dental factors such as curve of Spee, interincisal angle, U1 to upper lip length were prominent in the deepbite group. 4. Although there were individual variances in the perioral soft tissue profile, the lip presented more protruded pattern. 5. There was no significant difference in hyoid bone position and inclination between normal and deepbite group. 6. The multivariate discriminant analysis between normal and Class I deepbite group showed that curve of Spee, AB-MP angle, interincisal angle, articular agnle were critical in the determination of deepbite as multiple factors.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.330-341
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• 2014

A 19-year-old woman presented to our dental clinic with anterior crossbite and mandibular prognathism. She had a concave profile, long face, and Angle Class III molar relationship. She showed disharmony in the crowding of the maxillomandibular dentition and midline deviation. The diagnosis and treatment plan were established by a three-dimensional (3D) virtual setup and 3D surgical simulation, and a surgical wafer was produced using the stereolithography technique. No presurgical orthodontic treatment was performed. Using the surgery-first approach, Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy and mandibular bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy setback were carried out. Treatment was completed with postorthodontic treatment. Thus, symmetrical and balanced facial soft tissue and facial form as well as stabilized and well-balanced occlusion were achieved.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.637-645
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• 1996

In non-growing Class III malocclusion, the critical aspects which determine the need of orthognatic surgery are the severity of skeletal discrepancy, incisor inclination, overbile and soft tissue profile. Two-jaw surgery is more effective in correcting severe sagittal, vertical, transverse skeletal discrepancies and facial asymmetry. And more esthetic and stable profile can be achieved by two-jaw surgery Some midfacial deficiency Patients can be treated by Pyramidal Le Fort II osteotomy to maintain infraorbital rim and malar complex and to advance nasomaxillary complex. Others who require advancement of infraorbital rim and malar complex can be treated by quadrangular Le Fort II osteotomy. On the following cases, patients who had represented midfacial deficiency and mandibular prognathism were treated with combined orthodontic-surgical therapy by Le Fort II osteotomy and BSSRO.