• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1391-1395
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• 2006

In non-contact mode atomic force microscopy, the response of a resonating tip is used to measure the nanoscale topography and other properties of a sample surface. However, the tip-surface interactions can affect the tip response and destabilize the non-contact mode control. Especially it is difficult to obtain a good scanned image of high adhesion surfaces such as polymers using conventional hard NCHR tip and non-contact mode control. In this study, experimental investigation is made on the non-contact mode imaging and we report the microcantilever having low stiffness (OMCL) is useful to measure the properties of samples such as elasticity. In addition, we proved that it was adequate to use low stiffness microcantilever to obtain a good scanned image in AFM for the soft and high adhesion sample.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.630-637
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• 2014

A long nose with a drooping tip is a major aesthetic problem. It creates a negative and aged appearance and looks worse when smiling. In order to rectify this problem, the underlying anatomical causes should be understood and corrected simultaneously to optimize surgical outcomes. The causes of a drooping tip of a long nose are generally classified into two mechanisms. Static causes usually result from malposition and incorrect innate shape of the nasal structure: the nasal septum, upper and lower lateral cartilages, and the ligaments in between. The dynamic causes result from the facial expression muscles, the depressor septi nasi muscle, and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle. The depressor septi nasi depresses the nasal tip and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi pulls the alar base upwards. Many surgical methods have been introduced, but partial approaches to correct such deformities generally do not satisfy East Asians, making the problem more challenging to surgeons. Typically, East Asians have thick nasal tip soft tissue and skin, and a depressed columella and alar bases. The authors suggest that multifactorial approaches to static and dynamic factors along with ancillary causes should be considered for correcting the drooping tip of the long noses of East Asians.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.670-673
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• 2000

This paper attempt analysis and computer simulation of dynamics of a set of dual multi-joint fingers with soft-deformable tips which are grasping. Firstly, a set of differential equation describing dynamics of the fingers and object together with geometric constraint of tight area-contacts is formulated by Euler-Lagrange's formalism. Secondly, problems of controlling both the internal force and the rotation angle of the grasped object under the constraints of area-contacts of tight area-contacts are discussed. The effect of geometric constraints of area-contacts on motion of the overall system is analyzed and a method of computer simulation for overall system of differential-algebraic equations is presented. Finally, simulation results are shown and the effects of geometric constraints of area-contact is discussed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 1987

This study was undertaken to find out oropharyngeal movement of the class III malocclusion patients during swallowing by using the cinefluoroscopic method. The experimental group was composed of fifteen male adults with class III malocclusion whose mean age was 24.4 yrs. The control group was composed of fifteen male adults with normal occlusion whose mean age was 24.8 yrs. The results were as follows: 1. The horizontal position of the tongue tip was more anterior in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group through all stages. 2. The tongue level was lower in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group during stage 1, stage 3, and stage 4. 3. The horizontal position of the hyoid bone was more anterior in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group during stage 1 only. 4. The tip of the soft palate was lower in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group during stage 1 only, and there was no significant difference in the velar movement between the class III malocclusion group and the normal group during swallowing. 5. There was a significant difference in the interincisal distance, but no significant difference in the intermolar distance between the class III malocclusion group and the normal group through all stages. 6. Among 4 stages of each group, there was a significant difference in the movements of the dorsum of the tongue, the hyoid bone, and the soft palates And there was a significant difference in the movement .of the tongue tip of the normal group, but no significant difference in the movement of the tongue tip of the class III malocclusion group.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.413-420
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this setback genioplasty study is to develop a prediction method for the calculated osteotomy angle using horizontal and vertical changes as well as to evaluate the proportion of hard and soft tissue changes. Methods: Twelve patients who had received setback genioplasty with other maxillofacial surgery were examined. Three lateral cephalograms were taken just before surgery, immediately after surgery, and 3 months later surgery. A reference line was established to the reference point of the inner most point of the lingual symphysis cortex, incisor tip, and 2nd molar cusp tip. Measuring was conducted from pogonion (Pg), menton (Me), labrale inferius (Li), Mentolabial fold, soft tissue pogonion (Pg'), and soft tissue menton (Me') to the reference lines. Results: In setback genioplasty, the skeletal Pg moved posteriorly 5.07 mm. The ratios of soft tissue to hard tissue movement were 36% posteriorly and 62% inferiorly at Pg', 67% posteriorly and 104% inferiorly at Me', and 34% anteriorly and 164% posteriorly at Li. In reduction & setback genioplasty, skeletal Pg moved posteriorly 4.63 mm and skeletal Me moved superiorly 3.63 mm. The ratios of soft tissue to hard tissue movement were 76% posteriorly and 18% superiorly at Pg', 68% posteriorly and 42% superiorly at Me', and 44% anteriorly, 124% posteriorly at Li. The calculated mean slope angle, based on ${\Delta}H/{\Delta}V$ ratio, was 61.25 and the measured mean slope angle was 60.17. Thus, the calculated and measured slope angles have a similarity. Conclusion: In setback genioplasty, soft tissue moves posteriorly and inferiorly. In particular, at the Me' and Pg', the inferior movement of the soft tissue is greater than the posterior movement. Also, the predictable results (measured slope angle) after operation can be achieved by the calculated slope angle. Thus, the relationship of soft and hard tissue changes must be considered as the results are predictable.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were any changes in taste sensitivity with oral lichen planus (OLP). Sixty subjects (26 males and 34 females) were included for the study and they were categorized into 2 groups (oral lichen planus 30 persons,control 30 persons), oral lichen planus group was investigated in the department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University from April, 2005 to February, 2006 and control group was investigated in the clinic at Cheongju City from february, 2006 to april, 2006. The electrical taste thresholds were measured using an electrogustometer of the 4 different sites (tongue tip, tongue lateral, circumvallate papilla and soft palate) in oral cavity. The results were as follows; 1. The electrical taste threshold showed a tendency to decrease in the OLP group. 2. The electrical taste threshold showed a tendency to decrease in female group, but showed a tendency to increase in male group of the OLP group. 3. The electrical taste threshold showed a tendency to increase in tongue tip, tongue lateral of the multiple OLP group, but showed a tendency to decrease in circumvallate papilla, soft palate of the multiple OLP group. 4. The electrical taste threshold showed a tendency to increase in tongue tip, tongue lateral of the acute OLP group, but showed a tendency to decrease in circumvallate papilla, soft palate of the acute OLP group. 5. After treatment, electrical taste threshold was significant lower in soft palate of the OLP group than control group. 6. After treatment, NAS was significantly lower in soft palate of the OLP group than control group.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.2 s.245
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• pp.135-140
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• 2006

In tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM), the vibro-contact response of a resonating tip is used to measure the nanoscale topology and other properties of a sample surface. However, the nonlinear tipsurface interactions can affect the tip response and destabilize the tapping mode control. Especially it is difficult to obtain a good scanned image of high adhesion surfaces such as polymers and biomolecules using conventional tapping mode control. In this study, theoretical and experimental investigations are made on the nonlinear dynamics and control of TM-AFM. Also we report the surface adhesion is an additional important parameter to determine the control stability of TM-AFM. In addition, we proved that it was adequate to use Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) contact model to obtain a reasonable tapping response in AFM for the soft and high adhesion samples.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.4-10
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• 2012

Purpose: The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the skeletal stability after orthognathic surgery for patients with cleft lip and palate. The soft tissue changes in relation to the skeletal movement were also evaluated. Methods: Thirty one patients with cleft received orthognathic surgery by one surgeon at the Craniofacial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Osseous and soft tissue landmarks were localized on lateral cephalograms taken at preoperative (T0), postoperative (T1), and after completion of orthodontic treatment (T2) stages. Surgical movement (T0.T1) and relapse (T1.T2) were measured and compared. Results: Mean anteroposterior horizontal advancement of maxilla at point A was 5.5 mm, and the mean horizontal relapse was 0.5 mm (9.1%). The degree of horizontal relapse was found to be correlated to the extent of maxillary advancement. Mean vertical lengthening of maxilla at point A was 3.2 mm, and the mean vertical relapse was 0.6 mm (18.8%). All cases had maxillary clockwise rotation with a mean of 4.4 degrees. The ratio for horizontal advancement of nasal tip/anterior nasal spine was 0.54/1, and the ratio of A' point/A point was 0.68/1 and 0.69/1 for the upper vermilion/upper incisor tip. Conclusion: Satisfactory skeletal stability with an acceptable relapse rate was obtained from this study. High soft tissue to skeletal tissue ratios were obtained. Two-jaw surgery, clockwise rotation, rigid fixation, and alar cinch suture appeared to be the contributing factors for favorable results.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.284-287
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• 1999

The nose, a striking features of the human face, is regarded by many clinicians as the keystone of facial esthetics. Clinically, as the treatment of a dentofacial deformity, the soft tissue changes that occurred normally with movement of the skeletal bases. Changes of the soft tissue in the maxillary orthognathic surgery are widening of alar base, elevated nasal tip and flattening of upper lip. In addition, soft tissue change is difficult to predict, it has considerable variability in the response of soft tissue. We reviewed patients who received Le Fort I advancement osteotomy in our department and analysed preoperative and postoperative alar base width, nasal height in clinical measurement and cephalometry and patient's satisfaction of postoperative nasal appearance.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2014

Purpose: Soft tissue reconstruction is essential for recovery of finger function and aesthetics in any traumatic defect. The authors applied a reverse homodigital artery island flap for soft tissue defect on distal part of digits. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure. Materials and Methods: Seven cases of soft tissue defects of finger tip were included in this study. There were six male and one female, mean age was 43 years and mean follow-up period was 38 months. The length of flaps ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 cm and width ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 cm. Flap survival, postoperative complications were evaluated. Results: All flaps survived without loss. Donor sites were repaired with primary closure in five cases and skin graft in two cases. None of the patients showed significant complications and their average finger motion was $255^{\circ}$ in total active motion at the last follow-up. Conclusion: The authors suggest that the reverse homodigital artery island flap could be a versatile treatment option for the soft tissue defect on distal part of digits.