• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 1978

Squid was dried on the fluidized-bed in the drying chamber filled with solid particles which were also fluidized with hot-air, and effects of the fluidized particles, the squid's height from the grid and the drying temperature on the drying rate and quality of the squid were observed The mechanism of moisture transfer during the falling rate period was also derived. 1. Sodium chloride was found to be the most suitable fluidized particles and at an air velocity of 3.8 m/sec, optimal fluidization state of this particle was obtained. 2. Uniform profiles of temperature were obtained at a point 4 cm above the grid and the location of squid on the fluidized-bed observed to be suitable when it was 4 cm above the grid. 3. At an air velocity of 3.8 m/sec and when the location height of the squid on the fluidized-bed was 4 cm, the optimal temperature for the drying time which is required to reduce the moisture from 80.8% to 18-22% was 8.5 hours. 4. Drying data followed the empirical equation of unsteady state diffusion $log\;(\frac{W-We}{Wc-We})=-m{\theta}$ in the region of the moisture contents measured and the drying constant (m) was calculated as $0.32hr^{-1}$. These results suggested that the migration of moisture during the falling rate period is due to a diffusion type mechanism. 5. The short constant rate period was observed in the early stage and thereafter, drying was controlled by the falling rate period, and the time ratio of the fluidized bed drying to the through circulation drying for reducing the squid's moisture contents to the same level at the same drying temperature was 1 : 1.4 6. Comparisons of fluidized-bed dried squid and sun dried squid in sale showed that there was no significant change in qualities such as external appearance and hydrogen ion concentration of dry product.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1398-1406
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• 2004

To develop the new type of salt-fermented seafoods, the salt-fermented oysters in olive oil (product SO) were manufactured, and food components and quality characteristics of product SO were examined. The optimum processing condition for product SO is as follows. The raw oyster with no shell was washed off with 3% saline solution. Then dewatered, and dipped in the brine-salting solution made up with saturated saline solution and oyster sauce (2 : 1 v/v) mixture added 1% sodium erythorbic acid and 0.2% polyphosphate. After salt-fermentation it ripened by brine salting at 5$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. Then dried at 15$^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours with cool-air, and packed in No. 3B hexahedron type can. Finally, poured with olive oil and seamed it by double-seamer. The moisture, crude protein, crude ash and volatile basic nitrogen contents of the product SO were 61.6%, 12.0%, 16.3% and 34.3 mg/100 g, respectively. In taste-active components of the product SO, total amount of free amino acids is 2,335.4 mg/100 g and it has increased by 50% overall during salt-fermentation 15 day. Taurine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, $\beta$-alanine and lysine were detected as principal free amino acids. The contents of inorganic ions were rich in Na and K ion, while the amounts of nucleotide and its related compounds and other bases except betaine were small. From the results of this research, the product SO had a superior organoleptic qualities compared with conventional oyster product, and could be reserved in good conditions for storage 90 days at room temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.715-721
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• 2007

Residual calcium concentration is high, in general, at the effluent of the fluoride removal process in the electronics industry manufacturing semiconductor and LCD. To increase the stability of the membrane process incorporated for reuse of wastewater, the residual calcium is required to be pre-removed. Hyperkinetic Vortex Crystallization(HVC) process was installed in the electronics industry manufecturing semi conductor as a pilot scale for accelerating calcification of calcium ion. Compared to the conventional soda ash method, the 31% higher calcium removal efficiency was achieved when HVC was applied at the same sodium carbonate dosage. In order to maintain the economic calcium removal target of 70% preset by manufacturer, the dosing concentration of the soda ash was 530 mg/L based on influent flowrate. The seed concentration in the reactor was one of the critical factors and should be maintained in the range of $800\sim1,200mg$ SS/L to maximize the calcium removal efficiency. The calcite production rate was 0.30 g SS/g $Na_2CO_3$ in the average. The economic HVC passing time of the mixture was in the range of $2\sim5$ times. Relatively, stable calcium concentration was maintained in the range of $30\sim72$ mg/L(average 49 mg/L) although the calcium concentration in the feed was severely fluctuated with $74\sim359$ mg/L(average 173 mg/L). The HVC process was characterized as environment-friendly technology reducing chemical dosage and chemical sludge production and minimizing maintenance cost.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 2004

Three crystal structures of dehydrated partially $Co^{2+}-exchanged$ zeolite A treated with 0.6 Torr of K at $300^{\circ}C$ (for 12 hrs, 6 hrs, and 2 hrs) vapor have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)$^{\circ}C(a=12.181(1)\;{\AA},\;a=12.184(1)\;{\AA},\;and\;a=12.215(1)\;{\AA})\;respectively)$. Their structures were refined to the final error indices, R(weight) of 0.090 with 10 reflections, 0.091 with 82 reflections, and 0.090 with 80 reflections, respectively, for which $1>\sigma(I)$. In each structure, all four $Co^{2+}$ and four $Na^+$ ions to be reduced by K atoms. The cobalt and sodium atoms produced are no longer found in the zeolite. K species are found at five different crystallographic sites: three $K^+$ ions lie at the planes of 8-rings, filling that position, ca. 11.5 K^+$ ions lie on threefold axes, ca. 4.0 in the large cavity and ca. 4.0 in the sodalite cavity, and ca. 0.5 $K^+$ ion is found near a 4-ring. ca. three $K^0$ atoms are found deep into the large cavity on threefold axes. In these structures, crystallographic results show that cationic tetrahedral $K_4$ (and/or triangular $K_3$) clusters have formed in the sodalites of zeolite A. The $K_4$ and/or $K_3$ clusters coordinate trigonally to three oxygens of a six-oxygen ring. The partially reduced ions of these clusters interact primarily with oxygen atoms of the zeolite structure rather than with each other. ca. 14.5K species are found per unit cell, more than the twelve $K^+$ ions needed to balance the anionic charge of zeolite framework, indicating that sorption of $K^0$ has occurred. The three $K^0$ atoms in the large cavity are closely associated with three out of four $K^+$ ions in the large cavity to form $K_7^{4+}$ clusters. The $K_7^{4+}$ cluster not interacts primarily with framework oxygens.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1285-1292
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• 2009

Large single crystals of zeolite, |$Na_{75}$|[$Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}$]-FAU (Na-Y, Si/Al = 1.56), were synthesized from gels with composition of 3.58Si$O_2$ : 2.08NaAl$O_2$ : 7.59NaOH : 455$H_2$O : 5.06TEA : 2.23TCl. One of these, a colorless single-crystal was ion exchanged by allowing aqueous 0.02 M CsOH to flow past the crystal at 293 K for 3 days, followed by dehydration at 673 K and 1 ${\times}\;10^{-6}$ Torr for 2 days. The crystal structure of fully dehydrated partially $Cs^+$-exchanged zeolite Y, |$Cs_{45}Na_{30}$|[$Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}$]-FAU per unit cell (a = 24.9080(10) $\AA$) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique in the cubic space group Fd $\overline{3}$ m at 294(1) K. The structure was refined using all intensities to the final error indices (using only the 877 reflections with $F_o\;>\;4{\sigma}(F_o))\;R_1$ = 0.0966 (Based on F) and $R_2\;=\;0.2641\;(Based\;on\;F^2$). About forty-five $Cs^+$ ions per unit cell are found at six different crystallographic sites. The 2 $Cs^+$ ions occupied at site I, at the centers of double 6-ring (D6Rs, Cs-O = 2.774(10) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 88.9(3) and 91.1(3)$^o$). Two $Cs^+$ ions are found at site I’ in the sodalite cavity; the $Cs^+$ ions were recessed 2.05 $\AA$ into the sodalite cavity from their 3-oxygen plane (Cs-O = 3.05(3) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 77.4(13)$^o$). Site-II’ positions (opposite single 6-rings in the sodalite cage) are occupied by 7 $Cs^+$ ions, each of which extends 2.04 $\AA$ into the sodalite cage from its 3-oxygen plane (Cs-O = 3.067(11) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 80.1(3)$^o$). The 26 $Cs^+$ ions are nearly three-quarters filled at site II in the supercage, being recessed 2.34 $\AA$ into the supercage (Cs-O = 3.273(8) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 74.3(3)$^o$). The 4 $Cs^+$ ions are found at site III deep in the supercage (Cs-O = 3.321(19) and 3.08(3) $\AA$), and 4 $Cs^+$ ions at another site III’ (Cs-O = 2.87(4) and 3.38(4) $\AA$). About 30 $Na^+$ ions per unit cell are found at one crystallographic site; The $Na^+$ ions are located at site I’ in the sodalite cavity opposite double 6-rings (Na-O = 2.578(11) $\AA$ and O-Na-O = 97.8(4)$^o$).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.218-226
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to compare fluoride release and surface changes according to different orthodontic bracket adhesives the application of fluoride products. We used non-fluoridated composite resin Transbond fluoridated composite resins Blugloo and LightBond, resin-modified glass ionomer Rely $X^{TM}$ Luting 2, and conventional glass ionomer Fuji $I^{(R)}$. Fluoride release of five orthodontic bracket adhesives and fluoride release ability after application of three fluoride products (1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel, Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$, Fluor Protector, and a toothbrush with sodium fluoride-containing toothpaste) were measured using a fluoride electrode that was connected to an ion analyzer. After 4 weeks of fluoride application, the surface roughness and surface morphology were examined using a surface roughness tester and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The amounts of fluoride release were observed not only on application of Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$ and Fluor Protector on resin-modified glass ionomer Rely $X^{TM}$ Luting 2 and Fuji $I^{(R)}$, but also during tooth brushing using fluoride-containing toothpaste. After application of Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$, except Transbond XT, the surface roughness increased, and all orthodontic adhesives showed a partial drop of micro-particle filler. On application of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel on all orthodontic bracket adhesives, their surface roughness increased. To bond the orthodontic bracket, resin-modified glass ionomer Rely $X^{TM}$ Luting 2 and Fuji $I^{(R)}$ adhesives are highly recommended if the amount of fluoride release is considered to confer a preventative effect on dental caries, and among the fluoride products, Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$ and Fluor Protector are better than 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel, and these are expected to prevent dental caries even during tooth brushing with fluoride-containing toothpaste.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.555-563
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• 2004

The pH of beverages is known to be low and have, therefore, been implicated in the increasing incidence of erosion. Erosion is believed to be the predominant cause of teeth wear in children and young adults, although there will always be a contribution from attrition and abrasion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of yogurt on the progression of erosive demineralization in human enamel using demineralization model in vitro. In 4 yogurts, available on the market, pH, buffering capacity and the concentrations of calcium, phosphate and fluoride were determined. The buffering effect was determined by titration with NaOH. 50 milliliters of each drink was then titrated with 1M sodium hydroxide, added in 0.5 milliliters increments, until the pH reached about 7. Human deciduous enamel(n=40) samples were divided into four groups and exposed to 80ml of the yogurt for 30,60, 90 and 120min. Enamel surface microhardness(VHN) was examined before and after each exposure. 1. The average PH of fermented milk was 3.77 and this pH value was acidic enough to cause tooth erosion. 2. All of the fermented milks were found to be erosive(p<0.05) 3. The teeth exposed to the fermented milk all showed erosion like lesions and microhardness measurements showed that enamel surface hardness decreased proportionately with increased time of immersion in all tooth specimen groups. 4. After immersion for 30 and 60 minutes, reduction rate of microhardness values was not significantly different between the groups(p>0.05). However, after 90 and 120 minutes, reduction rate of each group was significantly different(p<0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2006

Gap junction is an ion channel forming between adjacent cells. It also acts as a membrane channel like sodium or potassium channels in a single cell. The amino acid residues up to the $10^{th}$ position in the amino (N)-terminus of gap junction hemichannel affect gating polarity as well as current-voltage (I-V) relation. While wild-type Cx32 channel shows negative gating polarity and inwardly rectifying I-V relation, T8D channel in which threonine residue at $8^{th}$ position is replaced with negatively charged aspartate residue shows reverse gating polarity and linear I-V relation. It is still unclear whether these changes are resulted from the charge effect or the conformational change of the N-terminus. To clarify this issue, we made a mutant channel harboring cysteine residue at the $8^{th}$ position (T8C) and characterized its biophysical properties using substituted-cysteine accessibility method (SCAM). T8C channel shows negative gating polarity and inwardly rectifying I-V relation as wild-type channel does. This result indicates that the substitution of cysteine residue dose not perturb the original conformation of wild-type channel. To elucidate the charge effect two types of methaenthiosulfonate (MTS) reagents (negatively charged $MTSES^-$ and positively charged $MTSET^+$) were used. When $MTSES^-$ was applied, T8C channel behaved as T8D channel, showing positive gating polarity and linear I-V relation. This result indicates that the addition of a negative charge changes the biophysical properties of T8C channel. However, positively charged $MTSET^+$ maintained the main features of T8C channel as expected. It is likely that the addition of a charge by small MTS reagents does not distort the conformation of the N-terminus. Therefore, the opposite effects of $MTSES^-$ and $MTSETT^+$ on T8C channel suggest that the addition of a charge itself rather than the conformational change of the N-terminus changes gating polarity and I-V relation. Furthermore, the accessibility of MTS reagents to amino acid residues at the $8^{th}$ position supports the idea that the N-terminus of gap junction channel forms or lies in the aqueous pore.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2023

This study was conducted to discover substances that regulate skin surface acidification using human epidermal keratinocyte cell lines, and to investigate their effects on the moisturizing ability and skin barrier function of the stratum corneum. Prunella vulgaris (P. vulgaris) is an herb widely distributed in Northwest Africa and North America that has been studied for its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, research on the regulation of NHE1 expression and the restoration of skin barrier function has not been conducted. Analysis of P. vulgaris revealed the presence of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid as active ingredients, which were tested for toxicity in human epidermal keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT), and showed no toxic effects were observed at high concentarion (100 ㎍/mL or 100 µM). It is known that sodium-hydrogen ion exchange pumps (NHE1) decrease in expression in aging skin to maintain the acidic pH of the stratum corneum, and it is hypothesized that this decrease plays an important role in the impaired restoration of skin barrier function in aging skin. P. vulgaris extract and caffeic acid increased the expression of NHE1 in keratinocytes, increased the expression of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) precursor filaggrin and ceramide synthesis enzyme serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT). In addition, P. vulgaris and caffeic acid decreased the extracellular pH of keratinocytes, indicating a direct effect on skin pH regulation. Taken together, these results suggest that P. vulgaris and caffeic acid can regulate skin pH through NHE1 modulation, and may help to restore skin barrier function by increasing NMF and ceramide synthesis. These results show the possibility that honeysuckle and caffeic acid can have a positive effect on skin health, and can be the basis for the development of new skin protection products using them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.537-545
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• 2011

This study was conducted to obtain basic information on physiological and proteomic responses of barley seedlings to salt stress. Shoot dry weight decreased significantly as the level of soil salinity increased. Salt stress-induced decrease of relative shoot dry weight was lower in cv. "Sanglok" than in cv. "Sunwoo". Under the salt stress, SPAD value decreased, and the value was higher in cv. "Sanglok" than in cv. "Sunwoo". Sodium ion content in the leaves increased as NaCl concentration increased, and the content was higher in cv. "Sunwoo" than in cv. "Sanglok". The K⁺/Na⁺ ratio was higher in cv. "Sanglok" than in cv. "Sunwoo". Salt stress-induced alterations in protein expression of the leaves were detected by two dimensional electrophoresis, and 47 protein spots showing altered expression were selected. Among the selected protein spots, 17 protein spots were up-regulated and 28 spots down-regulated in cv. "Sanglok". In cv. "Sunwoo", 14 protein spots were up-regulated and 27 spots down-regulated. Out of 47 deferentially expressed protein spots, 18 protein spots were identified using mass spectrometry and NCBI protein database. Among the identified proteins, ten proteins are known to be involved in various stress responses, but the others are not directly involved in stress responses.