• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2021

In this study, the antioxidant effects of mineral-containing deep sea water (DSW) on kidney function was confirmed using a cell model. DSW samples were prepared with different mineral concentrations including calcium and magnesium-the main minerals found in DSW-to derive the following sample groups: trace minerals (TM), high magnesium (HM), high magnesium, low salt (HMLS) and high magnesium, high calcium (HMHC). The purpose of this preparation was to determine the optimal calcium/magnesium ratio in DSW. Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells were exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl) for 2 h to induce release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thereafter, the cells were treated with the respective DSW samples before ROS concentrations, as well as antioxidant enzyme activity and protein levels, were measured. Among the water samples, HMLS showed the most protective effect against ROS, whereas the intracellular glutathione content was highest in cells from the HMLS- and HMHC-treated groups. However, TM- and HMHC-treated cells showed similar tendencies to the control group, in terms of mRNA expression of antioxidant genes. These results suggested that DSW may aid in preventing renal oxidative stress caused by excessive sodium intake. Furthermore, it was determined that HMLS and HMHC water samples displayed good antioxidant effects in the kidney cell model, based on the combined results of ROS concentration and antioxidant marker measurements.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status, nutritional status, and nutrient intakes of Korean female elderly who are members of a local church in Seoul, Korea. Methods: The subjects were 59 female who are aged >65 yr. We investigated the nutritional status of the subjects using anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Interview was conducted to obtain the information regarding the health status. We also obtained dietary intake of these subjects to figure out the nutrient intakes. Results: The mean age of the subject was 74.0 yr old. Based on the WHO standard (obesity, body mass index, BMI ${\qeq}25$), we categorized the subjects to the obese and the non obese groups. The number of subjects in the obese group was 34 (57.6%). The mean Diastolic BP (p=.002), BMI (p<.001), waist circumference (p<.001), hip circumference (p<.001), blood level of transferrin (p=.038), and nutrient intakes of calcium (p=.026), potassium (p=.046), folate (p=.038) and vitamin E (p=.031) were higher in the obese group than in the non obese group. The subjects with hypertension was 67.5%. The presence of hypertension was correlated with BMI (p<.05). The number of subjects with hypercholesterolemia was 17 (28.8%). The level of cholesterol was correlated with BMI (p<.05) and wasit/hip ratio (p<.05). Conclusion: The female elderly in our study had higher prevalence of obesity which is a risk factor for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The nutrient intake of high sodium, high cholesterol, and low dietary fiber of these subjects suggests that there is an urgent need to develop an well planned nutritional education program for female elderly.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1991

We measured volume of daily urinary excretion. daily excretion of $Na^+$ and $K^+$, creatinine clearance, blood $Na^+$ and $K^+$ concentration on 34 subjects(12 men. 21 wenen) who live in Hanlim sub-county. Kimhae county. Kyongnam, Korea in December 1990. The data were compared to the data in 9 urban residents(4 men, 5 wemen). Results were as follows. I) Daily mean urinary $Na^+$ excretion of rural residents was $255{\pm}95.6$mEq/day. It is much lower than that of in 1960 but higher than that of students living in urban area(1975) or that of occidentals. 2) Daily mean urinary $K^+$ excretion of rural residents was $45{\pm}15.1$mEq/day. 3) $K^+$ excretion of rural residents was similar to that of urban residents but because of the relatively high $Na^+$ excretion, $K^+/Na^+$ ratio was significantly lower than that of urban residents. In conclusion. salt intake and excretion of rural residents tends to have been decreased progressively and it is thought to be the result of the improvement in dietary life especially increased intake of animal protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1238-1244
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• 2001

Two calorimetric experiments were performed to investigate the effects of two diets with same concentrate: roughage ratio (70:30) but varying in composition on energy metabolism and methane production in faunated (F) and defaunated (DF) Muzaffarnagari sheep. For experiment I, ten animals were divided equally into two groups of which one was kept normally F as such while other was DF using 10% sodium lauryl sulphate. All the animals were offered diet I which comprised of oat hay and concentrate mixture I (CM I) containing maize grain (93%) as a major ingredient in 70:30 ratio. Similarly, the experiment II was conducted for which four F and four DF sheep (same as used for experiment I) were switched to diet II that consisted of maize hay and CM II (maize grain 59% + molasses 36%). Through diet II, DM intake in DF sheep was significantly (p<0.05) lower. Intake of GE through both the diets was similar in F and DF sheep. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and GE and also metabolisability (ME/GE) was similar in F and DF sheep on both the diets. Total urinary energy loss did not differ in F and DF on both the diets, but methane energy loss as a percent of GE in DF was significantly (p<0.05) lower on diet I (3.75 vs 2.48), while it did not differ on diet II (3.20 vs 3.60). Heat production was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in DF on both the diets. Although, efficiency of utilisation of ME for maintenance calculated as per ARC (1984) did not differ in F and DF on both the diets, efficiency for maintenance and growth was higher (0.60 vs 0.672) on diet I in DF. It was inferred that methane production in DF sheep reduces on good quality hay-based diet supplemented with slowly fermentable carbohydrate (maize grain) but supplementation of molasses (rapidly fermentable CHO) nullify this effect when sheep were fed diets with concentrate: roughage ratio of 70:30.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Metabolic risk factors should be managed effectively in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to prevent or delay diabetic complications. This study aimed to compare the self-management levels of diet and metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM, according to the duration of illness, and to examine the trends in self-management levels during the recent decades. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES, 1998-2014). In our analysis, 4,148 patients with T2DM, aged ${\geq}30years$, were categorized according to the duration of their illness (< 5 years, 5-9 years, and ${\geq}10years$). Demographic and lifestyle information was assessed through self-administered questionnaires, and biomarker levels (e.g., fasting glucose level, blood pressure, or lipid level) were obtained from a health examination. Dietary intake was assessed by a 24-recall, and adherence level to dietary guidelines (meal patterns and intake levels of calories, carbohydrates, vegetable/seaweed, sodium, and alcohol) were assessed. Multivariable generalized linear regression and unconditional logistic regression models were used to compare the prevalence rates of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension according to the duration of patients' illness, accounting for the complex survey design of the KNHANES. RESULTS: In the multivariable adjusted models, patients with a longer duration (${\geq}10years$) of T2DM had a higher prevalence of hyperglycemia than those with a shorter duration of T2DM (< 5 years) (odds ratio 2.20, 95% confidence interval 1.61-3.01, P for trend < 0.001). We did not observe any associations of disease duration with the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. In addition, the adherence levels to dietary recommendations did not significantly differ according to disease duration, except adherence to moderate alcohol consumption. There were significant decreasing trends in the prevalence of hyperglycemia in patients with a duration of illness ${\geq}10years$ (P for trend = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Although the proportion of patients with adequate control of glucose levels has improved in recent decades, poorer self-management has been found in those with a longer disease duration. These findings suggest the need for well-planned and individualized patient education programs to improve self-management levels and quality of life by preventing or delaying diabetic complications.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.103-108
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• 1980

The contents of inorganic conservative constituents in Nagdong River water were determined at Mulgeum where the intake station for Busan city water is located. Samples were taken at intervals of one hour from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. at spring and neap tides of every month from January 1979 to April 1980. Annual ranges and means of the chemical constituents were as follows: electrical conductivity $99-912\mu\mho/cm,\;200\mu\mho/cm;$ chlorides 6.0-256 ppm, 17.2 ppm; sulfates 4.1-37.9 ppm, 23.5 ppm; calcium 4.2-28 ppm, 13 ppm; magnesium 2.2-23 ppm, 5.6 ppm; sodium 5,0-126 ppm, 14 ppm; and potassium 1.2-10.8 ppm, 2.6 ppm respectively. At several times in this period, the concentrations of chloride ion exceeded 150 ppm that is the criteria for drinking water. The chloride ion concentration was higher at spring tides than that at neap tides and the contents of inorganic conservative constituents were higher in winter than those in summer. The chloride ion concentration showed the highest value at Mulgeum about 4 hors after the high water in Busan harbour.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2020

Background: Although the consumption of vitamin beverages has increased because of the recent interest in health and beauty, guidelines addressing appropriate consumption habits are lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the erosive potential of several vitamin beverages and to propose guidelines for the appropriate intake of these drinks. Methods: Five vitamin beverages were selected after a pre-investigation of the current beverage market. Coca-Cola and mineral water were selected as the control beverages. The pH of the beverages was measured with a calibrated pH meter, and the titratable acidity (TA) was determined by using 1 M sodium hydroxide to reach pH 5.5 (TA5.5) and 7.0 (TA7.0). The screening method suggested by the International Organization for Standardization was used to measure pH variation (ΔpH) by using an under-saturated hydroxyapatite solution to determine the difference between the initial and final pH of the screening solution. All measurements were performed in triplicate. Results: All vitamin beverages tested in this study exhibited a low pH (2.53~2.99), similar to Coca-Cola, which is known to be a highly acidic beverage. The highest TA5.5 and TA7.0 values of the vitamin beverages were 7.03 ml and 8.81 ml, respectively. The largest change in pH determined by using the screening solution was found in Bacchus D (ΔpH 1.44±0.05). The mean ΔpH of the vitamin beverages was 1.12±0.29, which was higher than that of Coca-Cola (positive control, ΔpH 0.58±0.05). Conclusion: Vitamin beverages exhibited an erosive potential capable of damaging enamel surfaces. Therefore, the frequency of vitamin beverage intake should be limited, and individuals consuming these drinks should try to restore normal oral pH as quickly as possible.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.452-461
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• 2012

There is increasing evidence that dietary factors in plant-based diets are important for the prevention of chronic disease. Especially, phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables have been recognized as major contributors for the decreased level of oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of switching the dietary habit to high consumption of fruits and vegetables were evaluated on the parameters of serum antioxidant status in healthy high school students. Forty one students participated in a randomized controlled trial and were assigned to the control group (n = 18) or the intervention group (n = 23). The intervention group was provided for 8 weeks with the main food source being whole grain and vegetables. Anthropometric measurements, blood parameters and dietary intakes were measured, and compared before and after study. After 8 weeks, weight and BMI were significantly decreased in the intervention group (p = 0.000). The serum diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) test resulted in a significantly decreased level only in the intervention group (p < 0.05) after 8 weeks, but serum biological antioxidant potential (BAP) was increased significantly in both groups (p < 0.001). Intake of energy, total fat, cholesterol and sodium in the intervention group were significantly decreased after 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Also, the intervention group had significantly increased vitamin and phytonutrient intakes of all-trans-${\beta}$-carotene, ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and total phenols (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of this study suggest that whole grain, fruits, and vegetables supplementation showed improvement of the adolescent health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.386-399
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined whether the supply of healthy Korean diets for 12 weeks is effective in improving the risk factors related to serum GGT and cardiovascular diseases in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Methods: This study selected 41 patients, who were treated with hypertension and diabetes. The Korean diet was composed of cooked-rice, soup, kimchi, and various banchan with one serving called bapsang, which emphasize proportionally high consumption of vegetables and fermented foods, moderate to high consumption of legumes and fish, and low consumption of animal foods. The control group was instead instructed to "eat and exercise as usual" while following the Korean Diabetes Association's dietary guidelines with an intake that can assist in glycemic control, maintain adequate weight, and meet the nutritional requirements. The Korean diet group (21 patients) were served three healthy Korean meals a day for 12 weeks, and the control group (20 patients, who trained in the diet guideline of diabetes) maintained their usual diabetic diet. The serum GGT, blood pressure, heart rate, glycemic control data, cardiovascular risk indicators, and changes in diet measured at the four visits (week 0, 4, 8, and 12) during the course of 12 weeks were compared and evaluated. Results: The serum GGT (p < 0.001), HbA1c (p = 0.004), heart rate (p = 0.007), weight (p = 0.002), Body Mass Index (p = 0.002), body fat mass (p < 0.001), body fat (%) (p < 0.001), and free fatty acid (p = 0.007) in the Korean diet group decreased significantly after the dietary intervention compared to the control group. The amount of intake of rice, whole grains, green vegetables, Kimchi, and soybean fermented food were increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The Korean diet group showed significant decreases (p < 0.001) in the intake of animal protein, lipid, and cholesterol derived from animal foods compared to the control group but significant increases (p < 0.001) in the intake of total calories, folic acid, dietary fiber, sodium, potassium, and vitamins A, E, and C. Conclusion: In patients with hypertension and diabetes, it was confirmed that regular eating of a healthy Korean diet helps improve the risk factors for GGT and cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutrition knowledge according to urinary salt signal of university students. Based on urinary salt signal, we classified subjects into an "adequate Na intake (ANI)" group (n=52) (salt ${\leq}6g$) and "excess Na intake (ENI)" group (n=66) (salt >6 g). Subjects were asked about general characteristics, lifestyle, salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutritional knowledge using questionnaire. The ENI group had more subjects who were drinkers (P<0.05) compared to the ANI group. The ENI group (33.45) showed a significantly lower score in terms of salt-related dietary attitudes compared to the ANI group (35.50) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total score of salt-related dietary behavior between the groups. The score of nutrition knowledge was significantly higher in the ANI (9.77) group than in the ENI (8.82) group (P<0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the urinary salt signal had a negative correlation with the salt-related dietary attitude score after adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index (r=-0.2100, P<0.05). These results support the validity of using the urinary salt signal to simplify estimation of sodium intake.