• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.844-861
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• 2019

Over the last few years, marine environment was found to be a source of surplus natural products and microorganisms with new bioactive secondary metabolites of interest which can divulge nutritional and biological impact on the host. This study aims to assess the possible, inherent and functional probiotic properties of a novel probiotic strain Enterococcus durans F3 (E. durans F3) isolated from the gut of fresh water fish Catla catla. Parameters for evaluating and describing the probiotics described in FAD/WHO guidelines were followed. E. durans F3 demonstrated affirmative results including simulated bile, acid and gastric juice tolerance with exhibited significant bactericidal effect against pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This can be due to the enterocin produced by E. durans F3 strain, which was resolute by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel with amplification of the anticipated fragment of a structural gene; enterocin A, followed by antibiotic susceptibility assessment. Effective antioxidant potentiality against ${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\alpha}$-picrylhydrazyl free radicals including lipase, bile salt hydrolase activity with auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity was similarly observed. Results are proving the potentiality of E. durans F3, which can also be used as probiotic starter culture in dairy industries for manufacturing new products that imparts health benefits to the host. Finding the potent and novel probiotic strains will also satisfy the current developing market demand for probiotics.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1049-1059
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional content of bullfrog meat from different parts of the animal, including fore-chest, thigh and calf. Bullfrog meat was found to be a rich source of proteins, essential amino acids and minerals, but with a low fat content, compared with other aquatic meat products. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between thigh and calf in mineral content (K, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn), but the contents of K, P, and Mg were higher in thigh and calf than in the fore-chest (p<0.05). The salt-soluble, water-soluble and insoluble protein bands in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis, from fore-chest, thigh and calf were similar, with the most abundant bands being 35 kDa (salt-soluble protein), 35-48 kDa (water-soluble protein) and 48 kDa (insoluble protein). The results showed that the insoluble protein content in the fore-chest meat was higher than that in the thigh meat and calf meat, but the salt-soluble protein fraction was the most abundant in thigh meat. These results showed that the nutrients in different parts of bullfrog meat were different.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.615-622
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• 2018

This study was done to determine the optimum sowing time for spring sowing wheat in the southern region of the entire Korean peninsula. Jokyoung and Keumkangmil were sown four times at one-week intervals starting from Feb. 14, 2013. The thousand grain weights of the two wheat varieties were the highest on February 14 with the seed weights ranging from 36.6 to 40 g and significantly decreasing as the seeding time was delayed. The unmatured grain percentage increased sharply when both cultivars were sown starting on March 7. The grain yields were the highest for Keumkangmil with 3.07 MT/ha when sowed on February 21 and 3.37 MT/ha for Jokyoung when sowed on February 14. In both cultivars, the grain yield decreased drastically when they were sown on March 7. Ash content did increase when the sowing date was delayed. The flour gluten index was the highest at 96.2 in Keumkangmil with a February 28 sowing, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) segmentation was the lowest ranging from 63.8 to 65.3 mL with the February 28 sowing. The falling number tended to increase with the delay of the sowing period. The flour milling rate was gradually decreased with the delay of sowing, and the bran gradually decreased. When both cultivars were sown after February 28, the grain and flour yields sharply decreased. In the southern region, the optimum time for the spring sowing of wheat is from February 14 to February 21.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.382-393
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• 2023

Cell clusters are a histological hallmark feature of intervertebral disc degeneration. Clusters arise from cell proliferation, are associated with replicative senescence, and remain metabolically, but their precise role in various stages of disc degeneration remain obscure. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate small, medium, and large size cell-clusters. For this purpose, human disc samples were collected from 55 subjects, aged 37-72 years, 21 patients had disc herniation, 10 had degenerated non-herniated discs, and 9 had degenerative scoliosis with spinal curvature <45°. 15 non-degenerated control discs were from cadavers. Clusters and matrix changes were investigated with histology, immunohistochemistry, and Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Data obtained were analyzed with spearman rank correlation and ANOVA. Results revealed, small and medium-sized clusters were positive for cell proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in control and slightly degenerated human discs, while large cell clusters were typically more abundant in severely degenerated and herniated discs. Large clusters associated with matrix fissures, proteoglycan loss, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and Caspase-3. Spatial association findings were reconfirmed with SDS-PAGE that showed presence to these target markers based on its molecular weight. Controls, slightly degenerated discs showed smaller clusters, less proteoglycan loss, MMP-1, and Caspase-3. In conclusion, cell clusters in the early stages of degeneration could be indicative of repair, however sustained loading increases large cell clusters especially around microscopic fissures that accelerates inflammatory catabolism and alters cellular metabolism, thus attempted repair process initiated by cell clusters fails and is aborted at least in part via apoptosis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 1996

Bradyrhizobium japonicum with different colony morphology populated in five Yeongnam soils of Korea was examined for intrinsic antibiotic resistance to eight antibiotics, serological property by immunoblot and immunodiffusion, and protein profile differentiation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Colony morphological distribution of one hundred and twenty B. japonicum isolates was 47% for "dry". 41% for "wet", and 12% for "dry/wet" type. The total isolates showed such a strong correlation between the morphology and antibiotic resistance. Colony morphology, which though was dominantly consisted of the same type within a serogroup, wasn't absolutely linked to serological property of B. japonicum. Based on these data, colony morphology was too simple to identify variations with B. japonicum isolates : antibiotic resistance such complicated compared with serological analyses.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.683-689
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• 2005

Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb) is the important serological marker of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Conventionally, the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) obtained from the plasma of HBV carriers is used as the diagnostic antigen for detection of HBsAb. This blood-origin antigen has some disadvantages involved in high cost, over-elaborate preparation, risk of infection, et al. In an attempt to explore the suitable recombinant HBsAg for the diagnostic purpose, the HBV S gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the product was applied for detection of HBsAb. Hepatitis B virus S gene was inserted into the yeast vector and the expressed product was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrolamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblot, electronic microscope and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The preparations of synthesized S protein were applied to detect HBsAb by sandwich ELISA. The S gene encoding the 226 amino acid of HBsAg carrying ahexa-histidine tag at C terminus was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The His-Tagged S protein in this strain was expressed at a level of about 14.5% of total cell protein. Immunoblot showed the recombinant HBsAg recognized by monoclonal HBsAb and there was no cross reaction between all proteins from the host and normal sera. HBsAb detection indicated that the sensitivity reached 10 mIu (micro international unit)/ml and the specificity was 100% with HBsAb standard of National Center for Clinical Laboratories. A total of 293 random sera were assayed using recombinant S protein and a commercial HBsAb ELISA kit (produced by blood-origin HBsAg), 35 HBsAb positive sera and 258 HBsAb negative sera were examined. The same results were obtained with two different reagents and there was no significant difference in the value of S/CO between the two reagents. The recombinant HBV S protein with good immunoreactivity and specificity was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The reagent for HBsAb detection prepared by Pichia pastoris-derived S protein showed high sensitivity and specificity for detection of HBsAb standard. And a good correlation was obtained between the reagent produced by recombinant S protein and commercial kit produced by blood-origin HBsAg in random samples.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.940-947
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• 2017

Goat milk has a protein composition similar to that of breast milk and contains abundant nutrients, but its use in functional foods is rather limited in comparison to milk from other sources. The aim of this study was to prepare a goat A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction with improved digestibility and hypoallergenic properties. We investigated the optimal conditions for the separation of A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction from goat milk by pH adjustment to pH 4.4 and treating the casein suspension with calcium chloride (0.05 M for 1 h at $25^{\circ}C$). Selective reduction of ${\beta}$- lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}_s$-casein was confirmed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The hypoallergenic property of A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction was examined by measuring the release of histamine and tumor necrosis factor alpha from HMC-1 human mast cells exposed to different proteins, including A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction. There was no significant difference in levels of both indicators between A2 ${\beta}$-casein treatment and the control (no protein treatment). The A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction is abundant in essential amino acids, especially, branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). The physicochemical properties of A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction, including protein solubility and viscosity, are similar to those of bovine whole casein which is widely used as a protein source in various foods. Therefore, the goat A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction may be useful as a food material with good digestibility and hypoallergenic properties for infants, the elderly, and people with metabolic disorders.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.801-808
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• 2002

Proteolytic activities of some commercial milk clotting enzymes(rennet, trypsin, pepsin, papain W-40, neutrase 1.5 and protease S) in bovine skim milk containing 0.02% $CaCl_2$ were determined by measuring DH(Degree of Hydrolysis), NPN(Non Protein Nitrogen) and by comparing patterns of SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis). The DH of microbial enzymes(neutrase 1.5 and protease S) and trypsin in bovine skim milk were higher than those of pepsin and papain W-40. The amounts of NPN in the milk treated with trypsin and the other animal enzymes(rennet and pepsin) showed the highest and lowest degrees of proteolysis, respectively. SDS-PAGE showed that trypsin and protease S hydrolyzed $\alpha$-lactalbumin and papain W-40 hydrolyzed $\beta$-lactoglobulin slightly, while neutrase 1.5 hydrolyzed both $\alpha$-lactalbumin and $\beta$-lactoglobulin after treating for 90 min. Trypsin and protease S easily hydrolyzed ${\alpha}_s$-casein and $\beta$-casein, which were not hydrolyzed by rennet. Papain W-40 hydrolyzed $\kappa$-casein more than rennet as shown in SDS-PAGE. Based on the results of the experiments, the DH and NPN of trypsin, neutrase 1.5 and protease S were shown to be higher than those of the other enzymes. The SDS-PAGE patterns of papain W-40 and neutrase 1.5 were similar with that of rennet.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2006

To investigate the effect of boning time and storage temperature on meat quality of duck breast, a total of thirty duck breasts were designed in frozen-thawed, chilled-storage, and cold-boning samples. No significant differences were found among pH of all samples. However, cold-boning samples showed significantly (p<0.05) lower cooking loss than the other samples. Frozen-thawed samples showed significantly (p<0.05) higher lightness ($L^*$) and yellowness($b^*$), shorter sarcomere length and higher shear force values compared to the other samples. The result speculated that muscle shortening was affected by lower temperature (frozen) hence tenderness was decreased. Sarcoplasmic protein solubility showed no significant differences among samples, whereas cold-boning samples showed significantly (p<0.05) higher myofibrillar and total protein solubility than the other samples. The result of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns, chilled-storage and cold-boning samples showed degradation at high molecular protein (nebulin), which was not observed in frozen-thawed samples. Therefore, this data suggested that muscle shortening, tenderness and protein degradation are not affected by boning time rather affected by rapid change of temperature in frozen-thawed samples.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 2012

A series of acrylic copolymers containing perfluoroalkyl acrylate were synthesized by 2-step emulsion polymerization of variety of acrylate monomers (ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate) with perfluoroalkyl ethyl acrylate (PFA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers. This study focused on effects of monomer compositions (the kind of acrylate monomer, contents of PFA and GMA) and composition of surfactants [(sodium dodecyl sulphate/nonylphenol 10mole ethoxylate (NP-10)] and initiator content on the contact angles and surface free energy. It was found that the copolymer having an optimum composition (BA : 87 wt%, GMA : 8.7 wt% and PFA : 4.3 wt%) was shown to be quite surface active [surface free energy : 19.89 mN/m and contact angles : $103.5^{\circ}$ (water) and $78.7^{\circ}$ (methylene iodide)] in the solid state. This result suggests that the optimal copolymer containing fluorinated monomer synthesized in this study have high potential as a low surface energy material, which may have high oil- and water-repellent surface and have been proposed as acrylic syntan for leather and also as soil-resistant/oil and water repellent coating for textiles and wood etc.