• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

Objective : Reflux esophagitis is a disease caused by the reflux of gastric acid and inflammation due to unstable gastroesophageal sphincter. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of Phellodendri Cortex (PC) on chronic reflux esophagitis (CRE) in rats. Methods : The anti-oxidant activity of PC was measured by total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. A CRE was established surgically in SD rats. And then CRE rats were treated with water or PC 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. Besides, the anti-oxidant and inflammatory protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. Results : PC reduced esophagus tissues injury. The total polyphenol (36.05 ± 0.25 mg/g) and total flavonoid (72.90 ± 0.61 mg/g) of PC showed a high content. PC strongly reduced radical scavenging activities (DPPH IC₅₀ 43.58 ± 1.54 ㎍/㎖; ABTS IC₅₀ 36.75 ± 0.35 ㎍/㎖). Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) levels in serum, the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) were significantly reduced. In addition, the protein expression of NADPH oxidases related to oxidative stress were significantly reduced in PC compared to CRE control. PC effectively reduced inflammatory factors including, TNF-α, and IL-6 via NF-κBp65 inactivation through the inhibition of p-IκBα and increased anti-oxidant enzyme such as HO-1, SOD, catalase, and GPx-1/2 via Nrf2 activation. Conclusions : Taken together, these results show that PC can alleviate the esophageal mucosal ulcer though the inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory and the enhancement of Nrf2 anti-oxidant pathway.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.531-542
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to verify whether or not chronic consumption of liquor prepared with Gastrodiae rhizoma exhibits antioxidant activity in brain tissue of rats. In the experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a liquid diet containing 6% (GA6), 18% (GA18), and 36% (GA36) of total calories as liquor for 6 weeks. The control rats (GAC6, GAC18, GAC36) received an isocaloric diet containing Soju instead of liquor. Caloric intakes and body weight gains of the 36% groups were significantly lower than those of the 6% and 18% groups (p<0.05), whereas alcohol intakes were significantly high in the 36% group (p<0.05). MDA contents of plasma and brain showed a positive correlation with alcohol intakes of the liquor and Soju consuming groups. Especially, contents of MDA were significantly higher in the 18% and 36% groups than the 6% group (p<0.05). SOD activities of serum and brain were significantly highest in the 18% group, and they tended to be higher in the liquor consuming groups compared with the control group. Catalase activity of serum showed no significant changes in the three groups consuming liquor, and catalase activity of brain tissue significantly increased in the GA18 group compared with the control group (p<0.05). In the liquor consuming groups, TAC level of serum tended to be higher in the GA36 group compared with the control group (p<0.05). However, TAC level of brain tissue showed no significant changes between the liquor consuming and control groups. These results show that as alcohol intake increased by chronic administration of liquor and Soju, brain tissue of rats was damaged more due to oxidative stress. However, a liquid diet containing 18% of total calories as liquor instead of Soju is expected to have a protective effect on brain damage induced by oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.285-296
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• 2020

The goal of this study and potent whitening tyrosinase inhibitor-producing wild yeasts and further optimiz production of tyrosinase. Among non-pathogenic wild yeasts obtained from soils in Daejeon city and spice field of Geumsan in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, we selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae(S. cerevisiae) WJSL0191 and Papiliotrema laurentii (P. laurentii) ON30 show 33.2% and 27.3% respectively. These selected strains formed and not pseudomycelium. S. cerevisiae WJSL0191 was sugar-tolerant as well as halophilic in 20% glucose-containing yeast (YPD) medium and 15% NaCl-containing YPD medium. S. cerevisiae WJSL0191 and P. laurentii ON30 showed 26.2% and 18.6% anti-wrinkle elastase inhibitory activities, respectively. aximal production of tyrosinase inhibitors obtained when S. cerevisiae WJSL0191 was cultured at 30 for 72h in YPD medium and P. laurentii ON30 was incubated at 20℃ for 24hr.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.1 s.32
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• pp.66-79
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate anti-tummor effect about apoptosis of Cheongyulsodok-Eum (CSE) Results : 1. Anti-tumor(HL-60 cells) effects of CSE water extracts(Exts) were more effective in high density.($IC_{50:}:572$ ${\mu}g/ml$) 2. The generation of $O_2\;^-$ in HL-60 cells were according to the concentration of CSE water Exts, specially more effective on 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration. 3. The SOD activities in HL-60 cells were in proportion as cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells of CSE water Exts. 4. The GPx activities in HL-60 cells were in proportion as cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells of CSE water Exts(more effective on 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration), but the catalase activities in HL-60 cells were not effective. 5. DPPH radical scavenging activity of CSE water Exts was effective.(3 ${\mu}g/ml:31.2{\pm}5.2$ %, 10 ${\mu}g/ml:49.6{\pm}7.3$ %, 30 ${\mu}g/ml:35.8{\pm}5.7$ % 100 ${\mu}g/ml:42.3{\pm}6.4$ %) 6. The results of cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells of CSE were as follows. 1) In hexane fraction, the cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells($IC_{50:}:592$ ${\mu}g/ml$) was more effective than against NIH3T3 cells. 2) In ethyl acetate fraction, the cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells was not effective. 3) In butanol fraction, the cytotoxicity against HL-60 cell($IC_{50:}:306$ ${\mu}g/ml$) was more effective than against NIH3T3 cells. 4) In $H_2O$ fraction, the cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells was not effective. Conclusion : These result suggest that CSE has antioxidative effects and anti-tumor effects by apoptosis of free radical($O_2\;^-$) activity, especially butanol and hexane fraction from water extract has more effective in anti-twnor effects.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.543-549
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• 2012

To gather the basic data for increasing the utilization of Isatis tinctoria, we examined the effects of both antioxidative enzyme activity and antimicrobial activity from the extract of Isatis tinctoria. Ascorbate Peroxidase activities reveal that there is an decrease in order; ethanol extract from its stem (1601.7 Unit/mg protein), methanol extract from its leaf (1133.7 Unit/mg protein) and distilled water extract from its leaf (524.3 Unit/mg protein). Catalase activities reveal that there is an decrease in order; ethanol extract from its flower petal (177.1 Unit/mg protein), methanol extract from its leaf (120.8 Unit/mg protein) and distilled water extract from its flower petal (55.4 Unit/mg protein). Peroxidase activities reveal that there is an decrease in order; ethanol extract from its flower petal (27.1 Unit/mg protein), methanol extract from its flower petal (14.6 Unit/mg protein) and distilled water extract from its stem (10.4 Unit/mg protein). Superoxide dismutase activities reveal that there is an increase in order; distilled water extract from its root (90.8%), methanol extract from its flower petal (80.1%) and ethanol extract from its root (75.5%). Its flower extract showed a antimicrobial activity only against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, its root extract had only against Staphylococcus aureus, and its stem extract had against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, regardless of solvents. Especially, distilled water extract from its leaf showed a high antimicrobial activity against both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and inhibition diameters against those were 30.0 and 24.0 mm, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.791-798
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• 2005

The hepatoprotective activity of flavonol glycosides rich fraction (F-2), prepared from 70% alcohol extract of the aerial parts of V calcarata Desf., was evaluated in a rat model with a liver injury induced by daily oral administration of $CCl_4$ (100 mg/kg, b.w) for four weeks. Treatment of the animals with F-2 using a dose of (25 mg/kg, b.w) during the induction of hepatic damage by $CCl_4$ significantly reduced the indices of liver injuries. The hepatoprotective effects of F-2 significantly reduced the elevated levels of the following serum enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The antioxidant activity of F-2 markedly ameliorated the antioxidant parameters including glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), plasma catalase (CAT) and packed erythrocytes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) to be comparable with normal control levels. In addition, it normalized liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and creatinine concentration. Chromatographic purification of F-2 resulted in the isolation of two flavonol glycosides that rarely occur in the plant kingdom, identified as quercetin-3,5-di-O-$\beta$-D-diglucoside (5) and kaempferol-3,5-di-O-$\beta$-D-diglucoside (4) in addition to the three known compounds identified as quercetin-3-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnosyl- (${\rightarrow}6$)-$\beta$-D-glucoside [rutin, 3], quercetin-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucoside [isoquercitrin, 2] and kaempferol-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucoside [astragalin, 1]. These compounds were identified based on interpretation of their physical, chemical, and spectral data. Moreover, the spectrophotometric estimation of the flavonoids content revealed that the aerial parts of the plant contain an appreciable amount of flavonoids (0.89%) calculated as rutin. The data obtained from this study revealed that the flavonol glycosides of F-2 protect the rat liver from hepatic damage induced by $CCl_4$ through inhibition of lipid peroxidation caused by $CCl_4$ reactive free radicals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.631-635
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• 2005

Effects of fermented milk, $Kupffer's^{\circledR}$, intake on hepatic antioxidative systems were investigated in rats fed ethanol (3 g/kg B.W.) for 2 weeks. Serum AST and ALT were $88.7{\pm}6.5\;and\;41.2{\pm}4.1IU/L$ in control group, $114.6{\pm}7.1\;and\;64.7{\pm}3.8IU/L$ in alcohol group, and $94.0{\pm}5.5\;and\;44.7{\pm}5.3IU/L$ in fermented milk (FM) group, respectively. Fermented milk intake decreased hepatic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities of FM group to level of control group (p<0.05). Glutathione S-transferase activity of fermented milk group increased by 122% compared to control group. These results suggest antioxidative activities of lactic acid bacteria and ingredients in $Kupffer's^{\circledR}$ improve antioxidative system in alcohol-treated rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1661-1666
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• 1999

Yungmijihwgang-Won, Yollyunggobon-Dan and Palmi-Hwan, Korea traditional prescriptions composed of oriental medical herbs, have been used successfully to improve human health and regimen. This study was designed to examine the mechanism of healthful effects of the Korea traditional prescriptions through its antioxidative potentials. Using in vitro antioxidative activity assay system such as DPPH radical quenching assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay and inhibition of TBARS production, three Korea traditional prescriptions were observed to have nearly the same antioxidative potentials as ascorbic acid, a well-known strong water-soluble antioxidant. Moreover, we observed reinforced antioxidative effects of these drugs in liver from mouse fed these drugs with 4 weeks. When liver homogenate was incubated with 2.2'-azobis(amidinopropane) dihydrochloride(AAPH), as a free radical initiator, we observed that oxidative damages were decreased and antioxidative potentials were increased in liver homogenate treated these drugs. However, enzymatic antioxidative system as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase was not affected by drug administration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.406-415
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities and compared other physiological properties including anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of several traditional Korean herb-combined remedies such as Gilgyung-tang (GGT), Daihwangmokdan-tang (DHMDT), Sagan-tang (SGT), Socheonryongtang (SCRT), Sihocheonggan-tang (SHCGT), Sipyukmiyuki-eum (SYMYKE) and Hwangheuk-san (HHS), which were recorded in “Dong-eui-bo-gam” for “Ongjeo”. Total phenolic contents of the herb medicines were in a rich order of GGT ＜ SYMYKE ＜ SCRT ＜ SHCGT ＜ DHMDT ＜ SGT ＜ HHS. Among them, HHS appeared highest in superoxide dismutase-like activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, scavenging of 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cationic radical activity. Interestingly, there was a positive relationship between their total phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities. Although all of them showed anti-proliferative activities in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells, HHS was seven times higher than GGT. Antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori were revealed only on SGT, SCRT, SYMYKE and HHS. Taken together, these findings reveal the potential use of traditional Korean herbal formulas as functional ingredients in antioxidant and physiological materials.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1166-1172
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• 2012

To investigate potential medicinal or functional uses of Eriobotrya japonica, this study focused on the isolation and identification of antioxidant compounds from Eriobotrya japonica leaves. Various solvents were extracted from the leaves, and their scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was measured, in addition to their superoxide dismutase-like activity, polyphenol compounds, and flavonoid content. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest scavenging effect in a 0.2 mM solution of DPPH ($63.24{\pm}2.20%$, $81.83{\pm}2.10%$, and $93.15{\pm}2.31%$ in 0.3, 0.7, and 1.0 mg/ml sample concentrations, respectively). The antioxidant effect of the ethyl acetate extract and methanol extract were generally stronger than that of n-hexane extract. The extracts were further purified by repeated silica gel column chromatography. The antioxidant compounds were identified as phytol, ${\beta}$-sitosterol, and (-)-loliolide using GC/MS.