• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.281-300
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• 2023

Recently, the call for better accountability and social responsibility from corporations has been regularly voiced, both in the academic literature and in public discussions. This poses a challenge to the existing literature in understanding consumption behaviors to direct them toward sustainable development. This study investigates the purchase intention of Gen Z consumers in Vietnam with green packaging products. Data were collected from 914 respondents by online questionnaire and then analyzed using OLS. The results suggest the significant influence of customers' income and packaging in driving customers' intention to use environmentally-friendly products. Specifically, consumers in a higher income class participate more actively in green purchases. However, problems associated with inadequate packaging are also illustrated, resulting in the poor perception of green messages and poor practice of ecological actions. Besides, subjective norms and green trust are found to be adversely related to green consumer intention. In addition, gender disparity in green behavior is reported, where female consumers show a higher tendency to ecological consumption than their male counterparts. Other demographic factors are also included in the model as control variables, which are age, education, price, environmental literacy, environmental concern, and psychological awareness, but they do not have a significant impact on green purchase intention.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2022

The Korean government has recently invigorated the activities of public diplomacy. It is based on the Public Diplomacy Act enacted in 2016. However, there is a widespread concern that it was belatedly enacted and showed necessity to a revision. We believe that this paper contains three contributions which were not sufficiently addressed before. First, we identify the current state of public diplomacy-related legislation in Korea. Second, we argue the necessity to critically review the legal adequacy of Public Diplomacy Act with a consideration of rapidly changing external environment. Lastly, we propose several ways of revision for the future development of public diplomacy in Korea. When revising the Act, it is necessary to make clear a legal connection between the general law and the special law as in the case of the Korea Foundation Act and the Public Diplomacy Act. In this regard, it is worth examining the relationship between the Framework Act on International Development Cooperation and related norms. In addition, the role of the private sector and subnational governments should be expanded. For this purpose, a method and level of cooperation with the private sector should be clearly defined.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.335-346
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• 2022

Elderly entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly important as a response to the impact of the aging population and the resulting demand on government support systems, as well as a means of ensuring long-term economic and social development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the elderly's entrepreneurial intentions in the hotel and tourism sector in Ma'anshan City, Eastern China. The researcher used an online survey of older people aged 50 to 64 in a tourism destination that is approaching an aging society stage to see if the Theory of Planned Behavior can explain the entrepreneurial ambitions of the elderly in the hospitality and tourism industry. There were 391 questionnaires gathered in all, 367 of which were valid. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The study reveals that personal attitudes toward entrepreneurial behavior and perceived behavior control are highly influenced by societal norms. It also shows that personal attitude and perceived behavior control are antecedents of the elderly's entrepreneurial intent in this particular industry. This research adds to the research on geriatric entrepreneurship in hospitality and tourism, as well as human resource development for seniors in China, helping to alleviate the country's aging demographic concerns.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

Purpose - Beauty service employees who perform emotional labor are becoming an important factor in their duties to be performed at customer contact with the emotional expression norms set and required by organizations and companies. There are health problems for beauty workers due to working environments such as physical, chemical, and social factors. Accordingly, this study presents practical ways to protect the health of beauty workers. Research design, data, and methodology - This review study was conducted by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, Riss, Scopus, and Research Gate. Beauty Health Care, Occupational Diseases, Beauty Industry, Beauty Employees, Work-Life Vallance (WLV). I referred to the keywords such as that. A total of 471 papers were searched, of which 46 were finally included in this study on the PRISMA flowchart. Result: The beauty service industry can be classified as a job with high job stress among the beauty industries, and establishing appropriate measures to effectively help beauty industry workers proves to be an important strategy for maintaining physically and mentally healthy lives. Conclusion - Active research is needed to create a healthy environment with sustainable well-being by identifying physical and mental outbreaks according to the degree of awareness through various causes of occupational diseases such as gender and environment of beauty industry workers.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.497-515
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• 2009

Culture as a source of identity, as Edward Said says, can be a battleground on which various political and ideological causes engage one another. It is not mere individual cultivation or private possession, but a program for social cohesion. Sensitively aware that a national culture should be independent from Europe, Walt Whitman enacts a new form of literature by placing different cultural values against Old World tradition. His interest in autochthonous culture originates from his deep concern about national consciousness. He believes that literary taste directed toward highly-ornamented elite culture is an obstacle to cultural unification of a nation. In order to represent American culture of the common people, Whitman incorporates a lot of cultural material into his poetry. Since he believes that America has many respectable writers at home, he urges people to adjust to their own taste instead of running after foreign authors. Whitman differentiated his poetry from previous literary models by disrupting the established literary norms and reconfiguring cultural values on the basis of American ways of life. In his comment on other poets, he concentrates on the originality and nativity of poetry. By claiming that words have characteristics of nativity, independence, and individuality, he envisions American literature to be distinguished from British literature in literary materials as well as in language. Whitman s language is composed of a vast number of words that can fully portray the nation. He works over language materials in two ways: reterritorialization and deterritorialization. Not only does his literary language become subversive of the established literary language, but also makes it possible to express strength and intensity in feeling.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 2024

This study was conducted to analyze the metaverse usage behavior of college students through in-depth interviews and to explore the characteristics of the major metaverse platforms with a focus on keywords. This study derived elements such as metaverse participation activities, real-world order, metaverse system, presence, and self-expression from previous research. This study examined how college students who use the metaverse perceive these variables. We present the following research results: First, the college students who participated in the study showed interest in content with many interactive elements on the metaverse platform and appeared to participate more actively in such content. Second, college students cited the ability to engage in economic activities in the metaverse as their greatest strength. It was expected that social norms applied in the real world would also be applied in the metaverse. Third, the Metaverse system, such as the Metaverse UI, UX, and servers, was found to be a factor that needs to meet users' expectations and hinders immersion. In this study, the characteristics of the metaverse platform were analyzed, focusing on essential keywords from in-depth interviews. The analysis results are as follows: It was expressed with keywords such as Zepeto has 'avatar' and 'personality expression,' Ifland has 'free decoration' and 'communication convenience,' Gathertown has 'movement convenience' and 'video chat.' Roblox has 'game-based' and 'dynamic.'

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.278-287
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• 1999

Women's health is directly related to economic and developmental level of their nations, and it is very much effected by socio-cultural factors which are related to gender discrimination. women's health needs have been oppressed and neglected in male-dominated society. For maintenance and promotion in women's health and improve of quality of life, the common idea of gender discrimination in our society and preference of having son rather than daughter from its certain from must be banished. Though the common idea of gender discrimination was a basic ideology in liberation of women, recently the aspect of difference rather than discrimination is an important matter and unique characteristics of women are strongly pointed and additionally harmonic living with men is getting to be a man idea in women's health. The social idea in gender discrimination was from christian culture in the western society and confucianism related the social norms of "Namzonyobe" (means men are honorable and women are low), "Samzongzido" (means women ought to obey certain three rules for the family), "Chilgeziak" (means seven wickedness of housewife) in this country, korea. Those ideas deprived women's ability in health management and in the decision making process for their health. Because of those cultural influences, still many pregnant women are experiencing artificial abortion when they know the fetus is a girl through ultrasound and amniocentesis. Nowadays there are many health problems of women in korea. The reasons are that Korea culture has complicatedly mixing with confucianism and western culture. Under the these cultural influences, change in value of beauty and trend of liberation in sexuality have brought out health problems, alcohol, smoking, and drug abuse in young women. In order to solve the women's health problem, first of all women have to come out of the passive manner of dependency on man. Also they should have the insight and the management and/or intervention ability of caring their health. It can be obtained through the family-society-nation wide approach as well as the approach for women themselves.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1983

The purposes of this study were to(a) develop theoretical modifications of the extended gate control theory of pain using Fishbein's model and（b) test the efficacy of these modifications. Attitude, social subjective norm, personal subjective norm, habit and state anxiety were operationalized to represent internal stimuli for the cognitive-evaluative and motivational-affective dimensions of the theory. Pain expression was operationalized as sensory and affective responses to pain, and pain endurance. Sixty-two female nurses from 20 to 50 years of age participated. A semantic differential scale measured attitude and motivations to comply; a Likerty-type scale measured personal and social norms and habit. Spielberger's STAI measured state anxiety, Pain was produced using a modified submaximum effort tourniquet technique. Pair expression was measured using ratio scales of sensory intensity and unpleasantness developed by Gracely and his associates. Pain endurance was measured by subtracting time of pain threshold from pain tolerance. The first hypothesis examining whether pain endurance would be more significantly related to the affective response than to the sensory response was net rejected. Four remaining hypotheses, testing the ability of the five variables to predict the sensory and affective responses were not rejected. However, the habit of pain expression and the attitude toward pain expression contributed to the prediction of both sensory and affective responses to pain. The interaction between the cognitive-evaluative and the sensory-discriminative dimensions and the interaction between the cognitive-evaluative and motivational-affective dimensions were partially supported by the data from these two variables. The interaction between the motivational-affective and the sensory-discriminative dimensions was also supported by the relationship of sensory to affective responses. The variables which did not significantly predict pain expression appeared to have potential for prediction. Revision and testing of the tools for better reliability, validity, and clinical usuability are needed. The study contributed to theory building. The identification of variables which pre-dict pain behavior must occur before effective nursing interventions can be developed.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.69-89
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• 2013

This study examined the factors influencing participation of online community and intention of joint purchase in Korea and China. The online community member actively participate the social activities that can cause the effective communication characters and the great support of the society. In these two factors, the sense of worth related with compensation, norm, interaction, shared values will be taken as the independent variables. These variables as a parameter are related with the intention of joint purchase. To be aware of their behavior norm, interaction, compensation, shared value, these factors will be taken as predicting their behaviors in the online community and their further participating, commitment and co-shopping intention. As the results, compensation, norms, interaction, shared values had significant effects on the participation of online community, and this affected the intention of joint purchase in online community. Compensation and norm were significant in Korean sample. Implications and further direction are suggested on the base of the results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7309-7316
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• 2014

Background: While many researchers often use a theoretical framework for mammogram repeat interventions, it seems they do not apply an identified mediation analysis method. The aim of this study was to determine the mediators of mammogram replication behavior in two tailored interventions for non-adherent Iranian women. Materials and Methods: A sample population of 184 women over 50 years old in Sanandaj, Iran, was selected for an experiment. Participants were randomly allocated into one of the three conditions: 1) an intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) 2) an intervention based on an integration of the HBM and selected constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and 3) a control group. Constructs were measured before the intervention, and after a 6-month follow-up. Results: Perceived self-efficacy, behavioral control, and subjective norms were recognized as mediators in the HBM and selected constructs from the TPB intervention. Perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers, self-efficacy and behavioral control met the criteria for mediation in the HBM intervention. Conclusions: This study was successful in establishing mediation in a sample of women. Our findings enrich the literature on mammography repeat, indicating key intervention factors, and relegating redundant ones in the Iranian populations. The use of strategies to increase mammography repeat, such HBM and TPB constructs is suggested to be important for maintaining a screening behavior, once the behavior has been adopted.