• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.287-305
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to analyze a causal effect on the housewife's leisure activity participation, leisure expenditure and leisure life satisfaction. Data was collected 249 housewives in Pusan. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, one-way Anova, multiple regression, Pearson's correlation and path analysis. The main findings of the research were as follows: First, there were significant differences in leisure activity participation according to socio-demographic and economic variables. Physical type showed significant differences when housewife was 30's and unemployed, size of family was 3 and 4, age of the lastborn child was under 6, occupation of husband was professionals and technicians, educational attainment of housewife was under highschool graduate, pattern of housing was collective, income was higher. There were significant differences that occupation of husband was professionals and technicians, educational attainment of housewife was over junior college graduate, pattern of housing was collective, income was higher in self-developing type. restful type showed significant differences when housewife was 40's, age of the lastborn child was under 13-18, educational attainment of housewife was under highschool graduate. There were significant differences that housewife was unemployed in home-oriented type. There were significant differences that housewife was 30's and unemployed, size of family was 4, age of the lastborn child was under 6, occupation of husband was market and sales worker, educational attainment of housewife was over junior college graduate, pattern of housing was collective in time-spending type. Second, there were significant differences in leisure time, leisure expenditure and leisure life satisfaction according to socio-demographic and economic variables. Leisure time showed significant differences when housewife was unemployed, age of the lastborn child was under 13-18, occupation of husband was service, educational attainment of housewife was under highschool graduate, income was higher. Leisure expenditure showed significant differences when housewife was 30's, size of family was under 3, age of the lastborn child was under 6, occupation of husband was senior officials and manager, educational attainment of housewife was over junior college graduate, pattern of housing was collective, income was over 5,000,000 won. There were significant differences that housewife was unemployed in leisure life satisfaction. Third, casual effect was path analysed according to path model. Employment and unemployment of housewife, income and occupation of husband (product & transport equipment operator) had an effect on phycial type. Age of housewife, employment and unemployment of housewife and occupation of husband (product & transport equipment operator) had an effect on children-concerned type. Age of housewife had an effect on social-concerned type. Education of husband, income, age of lastborn child and occupation of husband (professor and teacher) had an effect on self-developing type. Age of lastborn child, employment and unemployment of housewife and occupation of husband(product & transport equipment operator) had an effect on children-concerned type. Age of lastborn child and children number had an effect on religious-social type. Employment and unemployment of housewife had an effect on home-oriented type. Age of housewife, education of husband had an effect on time-spending type. Restful type, employment and unemployment of housewife, and occupation of husband(service) have an effect on leisure time. Income, leisure time, self-developing type, children concerned type and occupation of husband(senior officials and manager) had an effect on leisure expenditure. Leisure expenditure, self-developing type, employment and nemploymentof housewife, income had an effect on leisure life satisfaction.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.3-29
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• 2017

The study checked whether the trade-off relationship between the home ownerhip and welfare by Kemeny and Castles was still valid in four welfare regimes, and analysed the factors of change and stability on rate of home ownership between social democratic states and southern european states. Based on the results of the study, the relationship between housing ownership and public expenditure was confirmed only in the liberal welfare regime and in the conservative welfare regime, as evidenced by the 2014 data collection. Second, social democratic states have dramatically increased housing mortgage loans and showed signs of housing commodification but southern european states have showed pre commodification of housing, maintained comparatively whole home ownership and low mortgage loans. Third, social democratic states has resulted in a rise in housing demand and housing prices, through reduced new housing and social rented housing construction, home owenership friendly taxation and generous lending policies, but southern european states have maintained a stable housing demand and housing prices thanks to the rich housing stocks, extended family, self provision and self promotion by close relatives, and intergenerational inheritance and transfers of housing. Although sequence of the equity ownership and welfare are still unclear, it is not a rational alternatives to induce housing ownership through large mortgage loans.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

Backgrounds : Since December 1, 2009, National Health Insurance began to reimburse for three physical therapies of Korean medicine. The extension of insurance coverage is demanded by Korean medicine societies. Objectives : This study aimed to measure the resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) scores for thirty four physical therapies of Korean medicine and to estimate the insurer's expenditure for them in National Health Insurance. Methods : To measure the physician's work and the practice expense, the 'magnitude estimation method (MEM)' and the 'fully distributed cost - attributable cost method (FDC-ACM)' were applied respectively. We collected the frequency data of physical therapies from Korean medicine hospitals and clinics to estimate the total expenditure. Results : The resource-based relative value scale scores of physical therapies were measured from 23.44 to 160.66. Total insurer's expenditure was calculated to be 95.5 billion won as of 2009. Conclusions : Based on the result that showed minor increase of total expenditure, most physical therapies of Korean medicine need to be reimbursed in the National Health Insurance.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-63
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• 2010

Public expenditures on long-term care are a matter of concern for Korea as in many other countries. The expenditure is expected to accelerate and to put pressure on public budgets, adding to that arising from insufficient retirement schemes and other forms of social spending. This study tried to foresee how much health care spending could increase in the future considering demographic and non-demographic factors as the drivers of expenditure. Previous projections of future long-term expenditure were mainly based on a given relation between spending and age structure. However, although demographic factors will surely put upward pressure on long-term care costs, other non-demographic factors, such as labor cost increase and availability of informal care, should be taken into account as well. Also, the possibility of dynamic link between health status and longevity gains needs to be considered. The model in this study is cell-base and consists of three main parts. The first part estimated the numbers of elderly people with different levels of health status by age group, gender, household type. The second part estimated the levels of long-term care services required, by attaching a probability of receiving long-term care services to each cell using from the sample from current year. The third part of the model estimated long-term care expenditure, along the demographic and non-demographic factors' change in various scenarios. Public spending on long-term care could rise from the current level of 0.2~0.3% of GDP to around 0.44~2.30% by 2040.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 2016

A new manual of System of Health Accounts (SHA) 2011, was published jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, and World Health Organization in 2011. This offers more complete coverage than the previous version, SHA 1.0, within the functional classification in areas such as prevention and a precise approach for tracking financing in the health care sector using the new classification of financing schemes. This paper aims to demonstrate current health expenditure (CHE) and National Health Accounts of the years 1970-2014 constructed according to the SHA2011. Data sources for public financing include budget and settlement documents of the government, various statistics from the National Health Insurance, and others. In the case of private financing, an estimation of total revenue by provider groups is made from the Economic Census data and the household income and expenditure survey, Korean healthcare panel study, etc. are used to allocate those totals into functional classifications. CHE was 105 trillion won in 2014, which accounts for 7.1% of Korea's gross domestic product. It was a big increase of 7.7 trillion won, 7.9%, from the previous year. Public share (government and compulsory schemes) accounting for 56.5% of the CHE in 2014 was still much lower than the OECD average of about 73%. With these estimates, it is possible to compare health expenditures of Korea and other countries better. Awareness and appreciation of the need and gains from applying SHA2011 for the health expenditure classification are expected to increase as OECD health expenditure figures get more frequently quoted among health policy makers.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.23-48
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• 2008

Although the universal health insurance, National Health Insurance (NHI), have improved access to health care and financial burden of health care costs for Koreans, limited coverage of the NHI leads to high out-of-pocket payment for health care. This study examines financial burden of household health expenditures by income level. Data from the Urban Household Expenditure Survey from 1985 through 2005 is analyzed and household expenditure is used as a proxy measure for income. Health expenditures include spending for inpatient care, ambulatory care and pharmaceuticals. If a household spends health expenditure above 40% of household consumption except for foods, that is defined as catastrophic health expenditure. Access to health care for the lowest income group had been improved for two decades relative to other income groups as well as in absolute term. However, both financial burden of health expenditures and the proportion of households that experienced catastrophic health expenditure had been increased in the lowest income group. Study findings have several policy implications. First, in terms of financial burden of health expenditures. the differences among income groups decreased until 2000 but it was worsen in 2005. This suggests that recent policies for extending NHI coverage are not enough to improve the disparity by income level. Second, a differential catastrophic coverage by income level would be an effective strategy that relieves financial burden for low income group. Third, since the catastrophic coverage is applied to only covered services by the NHI, additional strategy for uncovered services should be considered.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.79-99
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• 2018

Purpose - Food consumption in Korea has changed in paradigm as it has grown qualitatively in the past in quantitative shortages. Consumer food consumption patterns are rapidly changing due to changes in economic, social and population conditions, scientific and technological development, climate change, and market opening. At the same time, there is a need to actively respond to these changes in terms of the food industry, market, and government policy. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes and characteristics of food consumption expenditure of Korean consumers in-depth and depth in order to provide implications for agriculture, food market and policymakers. Research design, data, and methodology - We analyzed various food consumption changes from the 1980s to 2015 through Household Income and Expenditure Survey raw data from MDIS(Microdata Integrated Service) of Statistics Korea. and conducted the age effect, generation effect, and year effect by cohort analysis. We also conducted comparisons with OECD countries on several indicators. Results - Food consumption spending was slow, and there was no significant change in home consumption, while eating out consumption increased about 20 times in 2015 compared to 1980. Income, age, residential area, number of household members showed significant changes in food consumption. According to the cohort analysis, the changes in the food consumption structure are largely due to age effect, and the year, age, and generation effects are different for each food item. Conclusions - Food consumption has a significant impact on not only the nutritional status of consumers but ultimately the public health. Therefore, they should be regarded as a strategic policy area of central government rather than a matter of size and change of food consumption expenditure.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 2019

Background: This study purposed to compare the difference on medical utilization and health expenditure of baby boomer generation by depression between gender. Methods: Korea Welfare Panel Survey 2016, provided by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, was used for the analysis. For the research, we used the two-part model, yes or no of use (part 1), and frequency of use (part 2) for medical utilization. The dependent variables are the whether or not to use of hospitalization services, outpatient services, length of stay, outpatient service visits, and health expenditure. And the independent variables are used as the predisposing (education, spouse presence), enabling (insurance type, private insurance, economic activity, income), and need (chronic disease, self-rated health, disability) factors in the Andersen behavior model. Depression was used as intervening variables. Structural equation model and multiple group analysis by gender were used. Results: There were differences in the medical care usage and cost between men and women in baby boomer. For men, mediating effects of depression were present at the hospitalization (yes/no), length of stay, and health expenditure. On the other hand, for women, the mediating effect of depression was found only at the outpatient visits. Specially, depression was working at the medical services by the different way between gender. The size of effect (multiple group analysis) was affected by significant differences between men and women. Conclusion: This study found that the mediating effect of depression is increased medical usage and health expenditure and the effect factors are different by gender. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a medical care policy considering the socio-economic characteristics of baby boomers.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-110
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• 1994

This study is an empiriacl analysis of effects of government intervention on the health care delivery system in Korea. The purposes of this study are to find out the effects of government intervention on the per capita national health expenditure(per capita NHE), crude mortality rate(CMR), and institutional efficiency. Here, the institutional efficiency is defined as a formula shown below: log$\frac{100-curde mortality rate }{per capita NHE}$$\times$100. The formula indicates that the instiutional efficiency increases if the CMR and/or per capita NHE goes down. In the meantime the government intervention is measured by six independent variables: I) the degree of social developments, ii) the numberr of physicians per 100, 000 population, iii) the proportion of specialists among the total physicians, iv) the proportion of public expenditure among the NHE, v) the proportion of public beds to the total number of beds, vi) the proportion of physicians working at the public sector to the total number of physicians. In the above six independent variables iv), v) and vi) are the ones that reflect the degree of government intervention. In actual calculation, the two independent variables v) and vi) are integrated into a new variable based on one to one correspondence. The materials used are the time-series data from 1970 through 1990 in Korea. A path analysis and the time-series regression analysis were adopted to estimate and examine the causal relationship between variables involved. And decomposition of the effect of causal relationship is made to find net effect, direct and indirect effect. The major findings are as follows; 1. The effect of public expenditure, number of physicians per 100, 000 population, the proportion of specialists among the total physicians and social development shows a positive relationship with per capita NHE. Only if the government intervention would be counted, the effects of the number of physicians and the proportion of specialists succeed in containing per capita NHE. 2. In additionn to the above four variables, one additional variable, per capita NHE, was also responsible for the reduction of CMR. The factor of social development found to be the most potent predictor of the CMR reduction. However, the CMR reduction due to government intervention was negligible. 3. Meanwhile, the above four variables were found to was have negative effects on the institutional efficiency. The reverse is true when the government intervention is counted. For example, the number of physicians and the proportion of specialists have played a positive role in raising institutional efficiency via goverment intervention. This comes from the factual effect that the increment of institutional efficiency via the reduction of per capita NHE is bigger than via the reduction of CMR.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.118-134
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• 2005