• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.393-403
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• 2017

Mountain disasters in Korea have caused massive social and economic damage. During the period 2005-2014 there has been an annual average of 7 deaths and disaster recovery costs of 79.8 billion won in the country's 4393 ha of mountainous areas. The primary mountain disasters are landslides on mountain slopes, and secondary debris flows can spread along mountain streams, damaging facilities and settlements in lower areas. Typhoons and local rainfall can cause such disasters, while anthropogenic factors include development that damages the mountainous terrain. The study area was divided into three basins. For each basin, a debris flow vulnerability assessment method was proposed considering FLO-2D analysis results and the local topography, geology, and forestation. To establish an in situ investigation, analysis, and evaluation plan for potential mountain disasters, we selected mountain basins that are potentially vulnerable to mountain disasters through analysis of their mountain slopes and streams. This work suggests the establishment of a comprehensive plan for disaster prevention based on a mountain basin feature.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.363-388
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• 2020

The purposes of this study are to not only estimate optimal harvests and efforts using the surplus production methods for Spanish mackerel caught by multiple fishing gears, but provide dynamic optimal fisheries management for these gears using the current value Hamiltonian method. To achieve the above purposes this study uses several models such as Gavaris's general linear model for standardizing fishing efforts, surplus production method for estimating biological and technological coefficients, current value Hamiltonian method for estimating dynamic optimal harvest and efforts, and sensitivity analysis for diagnosing economic influences of these fisheries. As a result, this study showed that Spanish mackerel was overfished by multiple fishing gears based on surplus production method and the current value Hamiltonian method. Also, this study found that when the price and cost proportionally changed, the optimal harvest and fishing effort sensitively responded to the stock level of Spanish mackerel. Next, this study suggested that the multiple fishing gears for Spanish mackerel should reduce unnecessary costs such as operating time or inefficient fuel consumption. Finally, this study provided reasons Spanish mackerel should be included in the TAC system in a view of profit maximization based on sustainable use of the Spanish mackerel.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.791-797
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• 2016

Background: Punjab state is particularly reporting a rising burden of cancer. A 'door to door cancer awareness and early detection campaign' was therefore launched in the Punjab covering about 2.67 million population, wherein after initial training accredited social health activists (ASHAs) and other health staff conducted a survey for early detection of cancer cases based on a twelve point clinical algorithm. Objective: To ascertain unit cost for undertaking a population-based cancer awareness and early detection campaign. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using bottom-up costing methods. Full economic costs of implementing the campaign from the health system perspective were calculated. Options to meet the likely demand for project activities were further evaluated to examine their worth from the point of view of long-term sustainability. Results: The campaign covered 97% of the state population. A total of 24,659 cases were suspected to have cancer and were referred to health facilities. At the state level, incidence and prevalence of cancer were found to be 90 and 216 per 100,000, respectively. Full economic cost of implementing the campaign in pilot district was USD 117,524. However, the financial cost was approximately USD 6,301. Start-up phase of campaign was more resource intensive (63% of total) than the implementation phase. The economic cost per person contacted and suspected by clinical algorithm was found to be USD 0.20 and USD 40 respectively. Cost per confirmed case under the campaign was 7,043 USD. Conclusions: The campaign was able to screen a reasonably large population. High to high economic cost points towards the fact that the opportunity cost of campaign put a significant burden on health system and other programs. However, generating awareness and early detection strategy adopted in this campaign seems promising in light of fact that organized screening is not in place in India and in many developing countries.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2014

Purpose - As economic activities between different countries have rapidly spread in a world of free trade, it is inevitable that a large volume of cargo will be carried between countries. It is natural, then, that CO2 emissions and other environmental pollutions have followed, which exposes people and society to serious environmental problems and social costs, and so on. Therefore, the need to understand logistics is not only a matter of transportation but also an environmentally oriented matter. The purpose of this study is to look at some lessons and implications from the European case in terms of green logistics matters. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to look into this matter, first, it has to be established that some cargo transport volumes using different transportation modes have clearly declined because of previous economic recessions. Some transport policies produced by the European Union (EU) are based in a long history of struggling to cope with transport matters in European countries. In its recent transport policies, the EU has provided greener transportation alternatives, realizing that pollution matters affect the European transport market. This study tries to determine what policies the EU has implemented to deal with green logistics matters. This study concentrates in particular on the Marco Polo program in the EU. Results - This study found that the EU seems to consider these kinds of matters, that is, transport and the environment in the context of green logistics. The EU launched some policy instruments to solve this matter relatively earlier than other countries and reviewed them as necessary. In order to make these policy tools work, the EU provided PACT for combined transport, and then the Marco Polo I and II European transport white paper packages. These European policies deal with green logistics matters in two ways. First, some restrictions have been imposed, especially taxation, and so on. Transport subsidies are also powerful means of handling green logistics matters in Europe. Along with these two means of dealing with transport and the environment, the EU eventually targeted integration of different transport modes. Instead of employing only a single transport instrument mode to deliver the cargo to be carried, such as trucking, rail, ocean-going carrier, flight, or inland waterway transport, the EU has proposed that combining transport modes is the best alternative for transport and the environment. That is, the EU is pursuing the adoption of multimodalism as an answer to the green logistics challenge as it provides a more cost efficient and more productive means of transport. Conclusions - In conclusion, multimodal transport should be considered when applying green logistics, as it can provide an alternative way to achieve transport and environmental solutions together at the present time. Two methods can be used to encourage multimodal transport: restrictions and subsidies. These are the lessons and implications from European green logistics policies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.70-80
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• 2018

Due to the recent development of social media and mobile devices, graph data have been using in various fields. In addition, caching techniques for reducing I/O costs in the process of large capacity graph data have been studied. In this paper, we propose a multi-layer caching scheme considering the connectivity of the graph, which is the characteristics of the graph topology, and the history of the past subgraph usage. The proposed scheme divides a cache into Used Data Cache and Prefetched Cache. The Used Data Cache maintains data by weights according to the frequently used sub-graph patterns. The Prefetched Cache maintains the neighbor data of the recently used data that are not used. In order to extract the graph patterns, their past history information is used. Since the frequently used sub-graphs have high probabilities to be reused, they are cached. It uses a strategy to replace new data with less likely data to be used if the memory is full. Through the performance evaluation, we prove that the proposed caching scheme is superior to the existing cache management scheme.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.5 s.83
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• pp.7-14
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• 2005

Traffic congestion causes enormous social costs as well as loss of travel time and waste of energy. Though the Seoul metropolitan government implemented various forms of transportation policies such as urban road pricing and public transportation reform, traffic volume which across the Seoul metropolitan borders have greatly increased because of housing land development in suburban area. The purpose of this study is to estimate individual's willingness-to-pay(WTP) for extensive implementation of congestion pricing through policy-mix with bus rapid transit(BRT) system. So the field survey interviews carried out. The empirical analysis was done with priority given to the following two topics; derivation of individual WTP and prior evaluation of policy effect from the equity aspect. To estimate individual WTP, we adopted contingent valuation method (CVM). The former is to estimate individual WTP for respondent's maintaining his/her transit pattern when he/she is faced with congestion pricing by using compensating variation(CV) concept. And, the latter aims at evaluating policy effect from the equity aspect by calculating the Proportion of WTP to average income using WTP in income bracket for policy scenarios.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.146-155
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• 2006

A handful of previous studies have attempted to integrate socioeconomic data and remotely sensed data for urban quality of life assessment with their spatial dimension in a zonal unit. However, such a zone-based approach not only has the unrealistic assumption that all attributes of a zone are uniformly spatially distributed throughout the zone, but also has resulted in serious methodological difficulties such as the modifiable areal unit problem and the incompatibility problem with environmental data. An alternative to the zone-based approach can be a pixel-based approach which gets its spatial dimension through a pixel. This paper proposes a pixel-based approach to linking remotely sensed data with socioeconomic data in GIS for urban quality of life assessment. The pixel-based approach uses dasymetric mapping and spatial interpolation to spatially disaggregate socioeconomic data and integrates remotely sensed data with spatially disaggregated socioeconomic data for the quality of life assessment. This approach was implemented and compared with a zone-based approach using a case study of Fulton County, Georgia. Results indicate that the pixel-based approach allows for the calculation of a microscale indicator in the urban quality of life assessment and facilitates efficient data integration and visualization in the assessment although it costs an intermediate step with more processing time such as the disaggregation of zonal data. The results also demonstrate that the pixel-based approach opens up the potential for the development of new database and increased analytical capabilities in urban analysis.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.247-284
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• 2017

Purpose The first purpose of this study is to investigate factors that are likely to influence user's intention to adopt third-party mobile payment platform. A comprehensive study about mobile payment services have used various variables to explain user's use intention based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) or the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Variables such as simplicity, security, costs, relative advantage, individual mobility, subjective norm, trust, satisfaction, attitude towards use, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and so on. Among these factors, we expect to find out the most influential factors effecting user's use intention of the third-party mobile payment services. Second, we also examine whether the most influential factors have the same influence to different third-party mobile payment services by conducting comparative study of Alipay and WeChat Pay. Design/methodology/approach Empirical data for this study were collected from Chinese who has the experience using or have used Alipay or WeChat Pay. Participants needed to be familiar with Alipay or WeChat Pay because such users may be more aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of Alipay and WeChat Pay. We conduct a pilot test using Smart PLS 2.0, which includes 50 Alipay users and 82 WeChat Pay users. The result indicates that all the measurement fit for the context. And then 980 questionnaires were mainly sent out to the college students and the e-mails users randomly. To encourage participation, we give the participants a small gift as a present. Finally, we received a total of 683 replied. Data from respondents who gave incomplete or invalid answers were excluded to assure the validity of the constructs. 79 questionnaires were rejected, finally the valid data are 604 (with 372 Alipay users and 232 WeChat Pay users). Findings The results suggest that users' intention is determined by their trust on third-party mobile payment service and perceived usefulness of use. Comparative study results also indicated that the factors have different influence on Alipay group and WeChat Pay group, which offers a new aspect for academic field, and provides useful information to mobile payment service providers in China.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine health inequality for gender and region in Korea. Especially it focused on health status such as disease prevalence and medical utilization of rural women. Methods: Data from the Korea national health and nutrition survey in 2001 were used. The final sample size was 37,108 individuals with age 20 and over. This study applied the logistic regression for nominal variables such as disease prevalence and unmet care needs and with the regression for continuos variables such as the length and costs of medical services. Results: Rates of disease prevalence and unmet care needs for chronic disease in rural area are higher than those in middle cities and big cities, and regional differences of those for women are more than those for mens with controlling ages. There could be interaction effect with region and sex. Conclusions: This study suggests that health policy maker should take consider of special status of rural women who are in health inequality.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.35-43
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• 2014

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) promote long-life housing to reduce social costs generated by poorly considered rebuilding and extend the life-span of housing. Long-life housing has advantages of durability, floor plan variability, efficient maintenance and ease of remodeling because it is a beam-column structure building. However, long-life housing requires somewhat higher initial construction cost than wall type apartments. It makes increase of long-life housing more difficult. In this study, we compare between wall-type apartment and beam-column structure apartment from Life-Cycle Cost's viewpoint. As a result of the study, long-life housing incurs 18% higher initial cost than wall type apartment, but is 7% more economical than wall type apartment in terms of Life Cycle Cost. Therefore, it is shown that long-life housing could be a beneficial alternative to traditional wall type apartments.