• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.329-338
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• 2021

The mobile payment system has not only changed the payment pattern but also has improved the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individuals' quality of life by saving their energy, reducing the risk of taking cash, and enabling them to give more time to businesses and do international business. Besides, with the current advancement in the Internet as well as the digital transformation, SMEs are being forced to adopt mobile payment systems (MPS). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of technological-organizational-environmental (TOE) determinants on the adoption of MPS and its impact on SMEs' firm performance operating in Ghana. This research employed a closed-ended questionnaire to collect data from January 2020 - April 2020. This study used a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach using SmartPLS 3.0 for path analysis of 145 responses. The findings of the study include the statistically significant effects of technological (relative advantage and compatibility), organizational (top management support and employees' readiness), and environmental (social influence and competitive pressure) factors on the adoption of MPS. Furthermore, this study also proved the positive and statistically significant effect of MPS on SMEs' performance. This study demonstrated that the TOE factor explains 70% variations in the adoption of MPS.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-199
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• 2012

Saman, a novel written by Ayu Utami, has been recognized as the symbol of the politico-social changes, which began to occur since the collapse of Suharto' New Order regime in 1998. In the novel, Ayu Utami showed the spirits of resistance against various absurd socio-political circumstances during the New Order era such as pressure on discussion, abuse of power, politics-business collusion, patriarchism, and suppression of gender. In representing those spirits, Ayu Utami used unconventional structure-making, fresh feedback and multilayered descriptions of the figures, which brought her a fame as the pioneer of the Fragrant Literature (Angkatan Wangi or chick-lit). Ayu Utami particularly criticized that, under the name of sustaining the national integrity and identity, the New Order regime enhanced patriarchal system, which consequently infringed gender equality and women's rights to self-determination. In addition, Ayu Utami argued that the abuse of power and politics-business collusion, which were prevalent during the New Order period, destroyed lives of the masses and the Indonesian society.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.113-119
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• 2021

With the increasing pressure of international competition, urban agglomeration cooperation and innovation had become an important means of regional economic development. This study analyzed the spatial characteristics of the Urban Cooperative Innovation Network in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, found out the dynamic evolution law of innovation, provided suggestions for policy management departments, and effectively planned the industrial layout. According to the data of the State Intellectual Property Office of China, this study researched invention patents from 2005 to 2019. This paper constructed the urban cooperative innovation network, and took 11 cities in the bay area as the research objects, and used social network analysis to study the spatial structure and dynamic evolution of the urban innovation network. Every indicator reflected the urban cooperative innovation, but they all showed a certain decline in 2008-2010. And it is inferred that the innovation network space of each city will be "obvious fist advantages, significant spillover effect and weakening role of Hong Kong and Macao". This paper divided urban cooperative innovation of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area into three stages. Summing up the characteristics of each stage is helpful to recognize the changes of urban cooperative innovation and to do a good job in industrial layout planning.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.267-280
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• 2023

The relationship between the state and taxation starts from the establishment of the state. The most important element is the concept of "tax compliance". Tax compliance can be considered as the harmony of state-society relations. However, the concept of tax non-compliance occurs when taxpayers do not fulfill their tax-related tasks as required. Tax noncompliance is just one of the costs that occur in tax systems, and is named "tax compliance cost" in the literature. This study focuses on tax compliance costs because tax compliance costs are the ones taxpayers are personally obliged to deal with. For this purpose, the study investigates costs accruing from tax systems, including efficiency, planning, application, and compliance costs. According to the analysis results, it was concluded that the main reason for fraud in the tax systems is high compliance costs and that tax compliance directly impacts social wealth. Besides, the existence of conditions conducive to tax evasion and tax avoidance in a country, short-term tax policies, belief in the unfairness and inequality of tax systems, inadequacy of audits conducted by tax authorities, insufficiency of pressure and deterrence mechanisms, constantly changing legislation, and the attitudes and perceptions regarding the illegitimacy of the government determine tax compliance.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2022

Purpose: This study attempts to investigate causal and intervening conditions for sport participation of Korean immigrants in the United States. Research design, data, and methodology: Grounded theory approach was used to develop a conceptual framework that presents the psychosocial processes that occur in immigrants' experience of sport participation. Participants were selected purposefully for information-rich cases. Korean immigrants with current experience of having periodically participated in sports were the criterion for sample selection. Based on selection criteria, 9 Korean immigrants took part in interview. The interview discussions were taped and transcribed verbatim into a Word file. The process for data analysis included four grounded theory approaches of purposive and theoretical sampling, an open and axial coding, memo writing, and finally the development of the conceptual framework. Results: Six concepts were revealed in the causal conditions that facilitate the process of immigrants' sport participation in the states: Personal experience, significant others, personality, physical environment, psychological well-being, and social connection. Three concepts were revealed as the intervening conditions that block the process of immigrants' sport participation in the states: Conflict with cultural change of organization, Pressure at workplace, and Economic constraints. Conclusions: Conceptual model presents causal and intervening factors. Further implications were discussed.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.49-60
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to establish detailed spatial planning by identifying the needs for a seclusion module for emergency psychiatric patients. Methods: The necessity of medical space with seclusion function was analyzed from spatial, medical, and social perspectives. The needs for a space capable of performing three medical functions: protection, isolation, and treatment, was analyzed. Among various types of mobile medical facilities, seclusion space was considered suitable for utilizing modular construction methods, as it is the most rational method that can satisfy the environmental level of fixed healthcare facilities' space. Therefore, seclusion modules based on modular construction were planned, consisting of two protective units for stabilizing patients with psychiatric illness, one for treatment unit that can accommodate both internal and external treatment, and another one for an infectious disease isolation unit equipped with negative pressure equipment. Implications: This study analyzed the necessary medical functions of the interior space of the mobile stabilization module based on the spatial analysis of existing medical facilities, and proposed alternative spatial configurations according to treatment, seclusion, isolation functions.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.109-130
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• 2023

Objectives : The Dong-hwa Yakbang Cheobangcheol, a formulary on proprietary medicines created by Dong-hwa Pharmacy in the early 20th century was analyzed with a focus on characteristics of the formulas that were made and sold at the time. Methods : First, external features such as bibliography, table of contents, and descriptive style were examined. In content, licensure of listed formulas, ingredients, dosage form, manufacturing process, effects, properties were medically and pharmacologically analyzed. In this process, the Japanese Pharmacopeial Convention, legislation related to medicinal pharmacology during Japanese Colonial Period, and the Donguibogam were referenced. Results : In terms of form, the Dong-hwa Yakbang Cheobangcheol faithfully follows medicinal related legislation established in the Japanese Colonial Period. However, in terms of content, we could see that most of the formulas were based on the Korean Medical tradition, while Western pharmaceutical technology and chemicals were selectively integrated when necessary. Conclusions : The Dong-hwa Yakbang Cheobangcheol comprehensively displays the situation and goal of Dong-hwa Pharmacy, one of the most representative pharmaceutical companies in proprietary medicine of the early 20th century, in which it was under pressure to adapt to power for survival, while it strived to help improve the health of the people of the time by adopting strengths of both Eastern and Western medicinals.

• Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.57-85
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• 2023

The politico-economic waives of Western imperialism and colonialism, along with Christianity, affected East Asia's geopolitical landscape in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While the Korean people (of the Joseon Dynasty) witnessed the incompetence of Buddhism, Confucianism, and folk religions in maintaining social cohesion with a sense of frustration, the new religious movements (NRMs) emerged to provide altrnative teachings of hope through historical figures like Choe Je-u, Kang Il-sun (or Kang Jeungsan), Na Cheol, and Pak Chungbin. In terms of popularity, colonial Korea (1910-1940) was impressed by the native groups of Cheondogyo (=Donghak), Bocheongyo, and Mugeukdo. Son Byong-hee (1861-1922) was the third leader of the first Korean NRM, but both Cha Gyeong-seok (1880-1936) and Jo Cheol-Je (= Jo Jeongsan) (1895-1958) participated in the post-Jeungsan grassroots movements. How, then, did both of these new religions originate? How did they conceptualise their deities and interpret their teachings differently? What was their policy for national independence? The article explores the socio-religious leaders, historical origin, organizational structure, deities, teaching and doctrines, patriotism, and conflicts of both NRMs in a comparative context. As such, this article argues that they both maintained patriotic characteristics, but that Cha's Bocheongyo community with its ' 60-executives' system (60 bang) failed to manage their internal conflicts effectively. Meanwhile, Jo Cheol-Je of Mugeukdo had the charismatic leadership needed to maintain Mugeukdo, despite being seen as a pseudoreligion under the colonial pressure of Shintoism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1047-1059
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• 1998

Senile Dementia is one of the dispositional mental disorder which has been known to the world since Hippocratic age. It has become a wide-spread social problem all over the world because of chronic disease processes and the demands of dependent care for several years as well as improbability of treatment of it at the causal level. Essentially, life styles of the older generation differ from those of the younger generation. While the fomer is used to the patriarchal system and the spirit of filial piet and respect, the latter is pragmatized and individualized under the effects of the Western material civilization. These differences between the two generations cause conflict between family members. In particular, the pain and conflict of care-givers who take care of a totally dependent dementia patient not only is inciting to the collapse of the family union, but is expanding into a serious social problem. According to this practical difficulty, this study has tried to compare dementia care-givers' experiences inter-culturally and to help set up more proper nursing interventions, describing and explaining them through ethnographies by participant observation and in-depth interviews that enable seeing them in a more close, honest and certain way. It also tries to provide a theoetical model of nusing care for dementia patients which is proper to Korean culture. This study is composed of 12 participants (4 males, 8 females) whose ages range from 37-71 years. The relations of patients are 5 spouses(3 husbands, 2 wives), 4 daughters-in-law, 2 daughters, and 1 son-in-law. The following are the care-givers' meaning of experiences that results of the study shows. The first is "psychological conflict". It contains the minds of getting angry, reproaching, being driven to dispair, blaming oneself, giving up lives, and being afraid, hopeless, and resigned. The second is "physical, social and psychological pressure" . At this stage, care-givers are shown to be under stress of both body and soul for the lack of freedom and tiredness. They also feel constraint because they hardly cope with the care and live through others' eyes. The third is "isolation". It makes the relationship of patient care-giver to be estranged, without understanding each other. They, also, experience indifference such as being upset and left alone. The forth is "acceptance" They gradually have compassion, bear up and then adapt themselves to the circumstances they are in. The fifth is "love". Now they learn to reward the other with love. It is also shown that this stage contains the process of winning others' recognition. The final is "hope". In this stage they really want situations to go smoothly and hope everything will be O.K. These consequences enable us to summarize the principles of cue experience such as, in the early stage, negative response such as physical·psychological confusion, pain and conflict are primary. Then the stage of acceptance emerges. It is an initial positive response phase when care-givers may admit their situations. As time passes by a positive response stage emerges. At last they have love and hope. Three stages we noted above : however, there are never consistent situations. Rather it gradually comes into the stage of acceptance, repeating continuous conflict, pressure and isolation. If any interest and understanding of families or the support of surrounding society lack, it will again be converted to negative responses sooner or later. Otherwise, positive responses like hope and love can be encouraged if the family and the surroundings give active aids and understanding. After all, the principles of dementia care experiences neither stay at any stage, nor develop from negative stages to positive stages steadily. They are cycling systems in which negative responses and positive responses are constantly being converted. I would like to suggest the following based on the above conclusions : First, the systematic and planned education of dementia should be performed in order to enhance public relations. Second, a special medical treatment center which deals with dementia, under government's charge, should be managed. Third, the various studies approaching dementia care experiences result in the development of more reasonable and useful nursing guidelines.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2020

Objectives : Although the seasonality of suicide is a well-known phenomenon, little is reported about the seasonality of non-suicidal self-injury. The purpose of this study was to identify the seasonality of wristcutting behavior and to examine its relationship with meteorological factors. Methods : To identify the presence of seasonality, we investigated whether there was a difference in the average number of visits per month to an emergency room (ER) of an urban hospital for 226 patients with wrist-cutting behavior enrolled between December 2014 and May 2019. To ascertain significant meteorological factors, we used the multiple Poisson regression using generalized additive model with time, monthly temperature, monthly sunshine hour, and atmospheric pressure in the prior month as explanatory variables. Results : In males, the average number of monthly visits to the ER for wrist cutting behavior differed by month and was the highest in September (male : p=0.048, female : p=0.21, total : p=0.28). As a result of multiple regression analysis, the average number of patients admitted to the ER for wrist cutting behavior was related to the interaction between atmospheric pressure in the prior month and temperature in males (p=0.010), and showed a positive correlation with sunlight in females [p=0.044, β=4.70×10-3, 95% CI=(1.19×10-4, 9.27×10-3)]. Conclusions : Wrist cutting behavior shows seasonality in male, which is associated with changes in meteorological variables.