• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.29-39
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to measure whether market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and marketing capabilities affected the business performance of salted fish distribution in Kapuk warehouse, West Jakarta at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This prolonged and difficult pandemic has had an impact on the business of selling salted fish, challenging organisations' ability to maintain business performance. Research design, data and methodology: This study uses a PLS-SEM model approach using Smart PLS 3.0 and a questionnaire as the instruments. The conditions during the observation include 77 distributors who chose to keep doing business, and the research sample were measured by the number of distributors (business actors or people in charge). In this study, the variables of marketing capabilities, market orientation, and entrepreneurial orientation were used to analyse business performance. Results: Interestingly, the results of the study succeeded in explaining that during a pandemic market, both entrepreneurial orientation and marketing ability affected current business performance, although marketing ability remains an inconsistent mediator. Conclusions: This result serves as a reminder that surviving is the priority which must be focused on now, rather than crafting strategies to excel in competition that consume valuable effort and resources.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.47-59
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• 2019

Various studies have been carried out on the subject of entrepreneurship, which is required to create new businesses and organizations during the early process of startups based on innovative technologies and ideas. At the same time, the concept of organizational entrepreneurial orientation, which explains how to manage enterprises in the process of pioneering new products and markets, is drawing more and more attention for the purpose of continuously creating and maintaining a competitive edge of startups. This study focused on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and startup performance and the role of technological orientation and social capital. An empirical research was conducted on 144 different startup companies residing in startup supporting institutions. To evaluate the suitability of the research model, a PLS-based structural equation model was used. The research results are as follows: First, the entrepreneurial orientation of startups was found to have a positive effect on startup performance. Second, it was shown that entrepreneurial orientation had a positive effect on all three dimensions of social capital and technological orientation. Third, it has been shown that technological orientation and the cognitive dimension of social capital mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and startup performance. Through this, it was confirmed that entrepreneurial orientation directly affects startup performance, and it even influences the growth of startups by increasing technological superiority and social capital which is inherent in the network. Also, the research identified the need for additional research on the relationship between the strengthening of technological orientation and strategical orientation in startups. This study is expected to expand the discussion about social capital in the field of startup related research by affirming the role and importance of the cognitive system embedded in the network as well as the connectivity of networks, which has been already emphasized in previous startup related studies. Finally, the results of this study were reflected to present new practical implications.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 2017

In the last decades, technology-oriented small firms, i.e. venture businesses, have been increasingly engaged in R&D collaborations with external parties as strategic means for technological innovation. Despite ample evidence on the benefit of such collaborations for the firms, there has been less attention to examining whether and how the firms' social interactions with cooperating partners and their managerial characteristics contribute to that benefit. Drawing on the theories of social capital and entrepreneurial orientation, this study is to remedy this gap. The theory of social capital, referring to a sum of the value and potential resources embedded in social relationships of collectives, provides an integrated view of social factors among cooperating partners, e.g. strong ties, network stability, trust, reciprocity, shared vision and value. It categorizes these factors into structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions of social capital. Entrepreneurial orientation theory captures firms' managerial characteristics as a combination of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. This addresses firms' managerial process to utilize and combine internal and external resources for wealth creation and opportunity realization. Against this background, this study investigates what roles social capital among cooperating R&D partners and entrepreneurial orientation of the collaborating firms play for collective performance improvement in R&D collaborations. In terms of the collective performance, this study adopts two indicators: technological competitiveness and business performance. Technological competitiveness refers to the contribution of a technology developed by a cooperative R&D project to competitive advantage of a firm while business performance is defined as the financial and economic outcome of a collaboration. Using a sample of 218 Korean ventures engaging in R&D collaboration with external parties, the author finds the significant effects of social capital (i.e. structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions) and entrepreneurial orientation (i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking) on both of the technological competitiveness and the business performance. Further, the higher the social capital among R&D partners, the more likely it is to foster the entrepreneurial orientation at firm-level. Most importantly, the entrepreneurial orientation at firm-level is an significant mediator of the relationship between social capital and collective performance. Beyond these novel empirical findings, this study contributes to the literature on R&D collaboration. The findings' implications for management and policy are deeply discussed in the conclusion.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to identify the unique entrepreneurial behavioral attributes of social enterprises that are distinct from for-profit enterprises at the organizational level, derive a social entrepreneurship model that reflects the unique characteristics of social enterprises as strategic decision-making and organizational behavioral tendencies. In order to effectively achieve the purpose of this study, previous studies were reviewed, and qualitative studies were conducted using the grounded theory method based on this. In this study, social entrepreneurship was identified as five sub-factors through a series of analysis processes, and 'Social value orientation; Innovativeness; Pro-activeness; Risk taking; Cooperation orientation' was newly proposed. It also proposed a new social entrepreneurship framework that integrates and explains the multidimensional model of social entrepreneurship by reviewing and connecting the relationships between each sub-factor of the research model. The 'social entrepreneurship framework' classified the social entrepreneurship model into 'pro-social motivation', 'pro-social behavior', and 'entrepreneurial behavior' attributes and explained them by linking them with each sub-factor that constitutes social entrepreneurship. The most remarkable difference between this study and previous studies is that it identified and added 'Cooperation orientation' as a sub-factor constituting social entrepreneurship from the organizational-level behavioral point of view. Through this study, 'Cooperation orientation' was identified as a major behavioral tendency for social enterprises to materialize pro-social motivation, strengthen the economic foundation of business activities, and improve the efficiency of business operations. 'Cooperation orientation' is a major behavioral tendency that strengthens the legitimacy of business activities between pro-social motivation and profit-seeking of social enterprises, improves the performance of social value creation activities, and overcomes the difficulties of resource constraints through cooperation with the outside and improves operational efficiency. In addition, it was confirmed that 'Cooperation orientation' is a major behavioral tendency of social enterprises that is manifested simultaneously in social value-oriented activities and entrepreneurial activities pursuing profit. The 'Cooperation orientation' newly identified in the study supplements the previous research, increases the explanatory power of the theory of social entrepreneurship, and provides the basis for theoretical expansion to subsequent researchers.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.125-141
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• 2020

This study examines the effect of founders' strategic orientation and social capital on the performance of startups in Korean contexts. Founders' strategic orientation is proposed as the main factor to reduce the risk of failure and to increase the potential of future growth of the startup. Three main components of strategic orientation, entrepreneurial, market, technology, were simultaneously tested with a sample of Korean startups. Furthermore, founders' social capital, networks with supporting entities and the level of chemistry within founding members were also proposed to be important factors. We also tested possible mediating effects of social capital on the main impact of strategic orientation. With a sample of 79 startups founded less than 5 years in Seoul Metropolitan Areas, we found that technology orientation of founders only significantly increases the performance of startups, but both entrepreneurial and market orientation do not. Regarding social capital effect, the external networks of the founding members are effective as proposed, and also the high cohesiveness of founding members increases the startup performance. However, the mediating role of social capital is just partially confirmed. The implications of our findings, in both sense of firm's strategy and startup policy, are discussed. This study is expected to be a bridge connecting firms' strategy with startup policy-making in Korea.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.177-189
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• 2017

The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors which effect the intention to reemploy after the retirement and the mediation effect of the social capitalism for retired and prospective retired baby boomers. Starting from 2010, baby boomers have been retiring at a large scale. However retirement at a large scale without securing provision for fiancial wise in later life can lead to many issues regarding social and fiancial wise such as instability of labour market and increase of spending in society welfare cost and such on. Change of individual's self prospective and institutional support to help prepare find new career for next 3decade after the retirement needs to be concretized. The results of this study suggest that the management orientation affects the social capital positively and the autonomous orientation does not affect the relationship between career orientation and social capital. In terms of the relationship between career orientation and reemployment intention, management orientation does not affect the intention of the entrepreneur but affects the reemployment intention positively, while the autonomous intention affects neither entrepreneurial intention nor reemployment intention (+), Respectively. Social capital has a positive effect on the intention of reemployment, and the mediating effect of social capital on the relationship between career orientation and reemployment. Also, while in the work force, potential retiring baby boomer workers should be systematically supported with education, training and reemployment program based on individual's career orientation and allowing them to stay for a longer period in the labour market can be the implication to the solution for the economic stability and increasing social cost such as public pensions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.5998-6008
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• 2015

The value of social network and entrepreneurial orientation has widely been acknowledged as a critical resource of business success. However, the previous studies did not specify each role and conceptually have examined them as separate antecedents of firm performance. This study develops propositions concerning network capabilities and investigates the moderating effects of network structures (degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality) on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. This research conducted with a sample of 115 small consulting companies in Korea. The findings indicate that closeness centrality moderates the relationship between proactiveness and performance. Also, the combination of betweenness centrality and proactiveness exerts a positive impact on performance. Accordingly, degree centrality enhances the influence of innovativeness on performance. In particular, betweenness centrality exacerbates the influence of risk-taking on performance against our expectation. Overall, these findings conclude the synergistic effects of network capability and entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance. Finally, practical implications and academic propositions are presented regarding the way firms could most effectively utilize entrepreneurial orientation and network capability to maximize firm performance.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.57-69
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to measure whether the business performance of Padang restaurants in North Jakarta is primarily affected by service distribution strategy and other factors, specifically the local-based organizational culture and entrepreneurial orientation. Research design, data and methodology: This quantitative research has used Structural Model-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) with SMART PLS 3.0 as the analytical tool. The study's sample focus is the owner or person in charge of the Padang restaurant business in North Jakarta. Data has been collected using a questionnaire instrument with a Likert scale scale ('1-strongly disagree' to '5-strongly agree'). A total of 86 samples with a random technique were obtained from three areas in North Jakarta: Kelapa Gading, Pademangan, and Penjaringan. Results: Interestingly, this research finds that service distribution strategy does not affect business performance, either directly or indirectly. Business performance in this study is affected by entrepreneurial orientation. In additional results, the local organizational culture significantly affects the entrepreneurial orientation, but does not affect the business performance in terms of management process. Conclusions: This study provides practical implications for restaurant businesses regarding the use of local cultural concepts to consider strategies for survival in today's challenging times while continuing operations during limitations.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.115-125
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to empirically identify the influence of social entrepreneurship on the formation of entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial intention. In order to effectively achieve the purpose of the study, a research model and hypotheses are developed based on the results of a comprehensive review of relevant prior literature. The research model is set as social entrepreneurship including innovativeness, risk-taking, initiative, and social value orientation as independent variables, and entrepreneurship motivation is divided into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. For the study, data were collected from a total of 114 social enterprise-related prospective entrepreneurs and early start-ups, and a research model and hypotheses analysis are conducted. The results of the empirical analysis are summarized as follows. First, all four components of social entrepreneurship were found to have a positive effect on intrinsic motivation. However, it is found that innovativeness and initiative among the components of social entrepreneurship has a positive effect on extrinsic motivation, whereas risk-taking and social value orientation has no significant effect on extrinsic motivation. Second, all four components of social entrepreneurship were found to have a positive effect on the entrepreneurial intention. Third, both intrinsic and extrinsic entrepreneurial motivation are found to have a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. Finally, in the relationship between social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention, both intrinsic and extrinsic entrepreneurial motivation are confirmed to have a positive mediating effect. This study specified the factors of social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship motivation that affect entrepreneurship awareness and behavior targeting social enterprises with differentiated characteristics from existing for-profit enterprises. And through an empirical analysis of the influence relationship between these factors, an attempt was made to derive academic and practical implications.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

This research focuses on entrepreneurial orientation(EO) of technology spin-offs as they are expected to reduce the gap between their technology and the market. Entrepreneurial orientation is an organizational activity or process that redistributes or combines resources in an innovative way and takes risk to create new values. It helps improve the level of organizational innovation to deal with uncertainty. An empirical study was performed to analyze the EO of spin-offs established by members of university faculties and research institutes in Korea. Antecedent variables to EO are hypothesized to include public policy for university faculty members and researchers at research institutes, the relationship with incubating organizations, and the level of social networking with other firms. The EO and technological performance relationships are also hypothesized. Data from a total of 121 spin-off organizations were collected and a series of multiple regressions were performed. The performance variable included both technological performance, such as the number of newly marketed products and new technology and subjective performance, such as the level of satisfaction with sales amount and profitability. Several important conclusions were drawn from this study. First, while government policy is not related to EO, the policy of a university or a research institute has a significant effect on the level of innovativeness. Second, a high percentage of human resources applied at the incubating organization results in a negative effect on risk taking. The level of cooperation with the incubating organization too is not related to Entrepreneurial Orientation. Third, the intensity of cooperative networking with other firms has a significant effect on risk-taking. Network relationship with government related organizations is not related to Entrepreneurial Orientation. This study analyzes the importance and role of policy of the university and research institute and networking with other firms to improve EO. It also suggests that a high composition of human resources at the incubating organization has a negative relationship with EO.