• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2013

The following study tests for the effects of mordants on the production of restoration papers during the conservation process of damaged paper artifacts. For this, four different types of synthetic mordants that are being marketed currently ($K_2CO_3$, $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$, $Cu_2SO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$, $FeSO_4$) were selected to produce samples for measuring variable properties through artificial degradation. The research conducts tests for changes in color, tensile index, and pH level (degree of acidity). The results for changes in color have shown that the value of ${\Delta}E^*ab$ of $K_2CO_3$ mordant sample was the highest, and the tests for tensile index have shown that the strength of dyeing sample was decreased in accordance with the aging time, but Changes according to the mordant was not evident. Finally, the findings for pH level have shown that samples with $Cu_2SO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ and $FeSO_4$ have pH levels drop below 6. As a result, the research have concluded that mordants used for dyeing restoration paper were identified to have an affect in the dyeing and aging characteristics of the paper.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1067-1075
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• 2007

Twenty eight 3-4 month old castrated Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus) were used to determine the effects of source and level of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on their performance and nutrient utilization. Cu was supplemented (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg diet DM) as copper sulfate ($CuSO_4$, $5H_2O$) or copper proteinate (Cu-P). Kids were fed a basal diet containing maize (19.5%), soybean (17.0%), deoiled rice bran (56.5%), molasses (4.0%), di-calcium phosphate and salt (1.0% each) and mineral and vitamin mixture (0.5% each) supplements at 3.5% of body weight to meet NRC (1981) requirements for protein, energy, macro minerals and micro minerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5.7 mg Cu/kg, 122.5 mg Fe/kg, 110 mg Zn/kg, 0.26 mg Mo/kg and 0.32% S. $CuSO_4$ or Cu-P was added to the basal diet at the rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. Kids were housed in a well ventilated shed with facilities for individual feeding in aluminum plated metabolic cages. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 0, 30, 60 and 90 to determine hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase and aspertate transferase). A metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that source and level of Cu supplementation improved live weight gain (p<0.04) and average daily gain (p<0.01). No significant contribution of source and level of Cu to alter serum serum enzymes was evident. Goats fed Cu-P tended to have higher Hb, PCV and TEC than with $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Cu-P increased digestibility of ether extract (EE, p<0.02) and crude fiber (p<0.05) and showed an increasing trend (p<0.09) for digested crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Supplemental dose of Cu linearly improved (p<0.02) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), EE and nitrogen free extract (NFE). Though the absorption of nitrogen (N) was not affected (p>0.10) by both source and dose of Cu, N retention was affected (p<0.04) and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction (p<0.05). Final body weight (BW) was not influenced (p>0.10) by the source of Cu but increasing dose of Cu increased (p<0.04) the BW of kids. TDN intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was higher (p<0.05) with the increased dose of Cu and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction. It was concluded that supplementation of Cu from different sources and varying dose level in a concentrate based diet may improve performance, nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in castrated Black Bengal kids. The effects on performance and nutrient utilization are more pronounced with Cu-P than $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Higher dose of Cu showed better result than lower dose.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 1999

To investigate the chemical properties of rainwater in the southern part of gyeonggi Province, the rainwater was collected in Suwon and Ansung for six months from May to October in 1998, and analyzed its chemical composition. The ion balance and electric conductivity balance showed confidence to chemical analyses of rainwater. The most frequent pH range of rainwater was pH $5.0{\sim}5.6$ both in Suwon and Ansung area with distribution ratio of 37.9% and 35.3%, respectively. Among the 1mm fraction for initial 5mm of rainfall, ion concentration of initial rainwater (less than 1mm of rainfall) was higher than those of the later terms. The major ions in rainwater were $NH_4^-,\;Ca^{2+}$and $Na^+$ for cations, and $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ for anions. Monthly variation of pH of rainwater showed low level of 4.2 to 4.5 in Suwon and 4.6 to 4.7 in Ansung in August and September, respectively. The $nss-SO_4^{2-}/NO_3^-$ ratio of rainwater in Suwon and Ansung area were 2.2 and 2.9 which means nonsea salt $SO_4^{2-}$ contrbuted to acidity of rainwater more in Ansung than Suwon area.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 1999

This research was carried out to investigate chemical pretreatment using lime and limestone in treating abandoned mine drainage with anaerobic treatment. If treating lime with abandoned mine drainage, after 2day, pH was increased to 5.6, and $SO_4^{2-}$, Fe, Al, Pb and Mn were removed 5.7%, 63%, 57, 45% and 28%, respectively. It was estimated that lime dosage was 2,000mg/L for increasing to pH 7. If treating limestone with abandoned mine drainage, after 2day, pH was increased to 3.67, and $SO_4^{2-}$, Fe, Al, Pb and Mn were removed 4.7%, 26%, 22% 18% and 8%, respectively. It could be showed that limestone did slowly react with temperature increasing. If treating anaerobic limestone packing column with abandoned mine drainage, for experimental period, average pH was 4.51, and average $SO_4^{2-}$, Fe, Al, Pb and Mn were removed 4.5%, 15.3%, 20.1%, 23.7% and 5.87%, respectively. So, it would not be suitable for abandoned mine drainage. But if utilizing limestone as pretreatment process for treating abandoned mine drainage with SRB, because it did initally neutralize abandoned mine drainage, it could forward to stabilize system.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2011

The inhibitive action of thiadiazolopyrimidines on mild steel in 1 M $H_{2}SO_{4}$ has been studied using weight loss, gasometric studies and electrochemical polarization and AC impedance measurements. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of mild steel in 1 M $H_{2}SO_{4}$ with optimum concentration of inhibitors was studied in the temperature ranging from 313-333K The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and followed the mechanism of physisorption. The adsorption of these compounds on mild steel surface was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The protective film formed on the surface of mild steel by the adsorption of inhibitor in 1 M $H_{2}SO_{4}$ solution was confirmed by optical microscopic technique. Synergistic effect of halide ions on mild steel in 1 M $H_{2}SO_{4}$ was studied by weight loss technique.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.468-474
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• 2005

SOx and NOx are known major precursors of acid rain and thus the abatement of their emissions is a major target in air pollution control. To obtain basic data on the removal process of simultaneous $SO_2/NO$, the optimal reaction condition and the composition of reaction solution for simultaneous removal of $SO_2/NO$, ware investigated using a bubble column reactor. Pilot scrubber was consisted of scrubber, filter and control box. Dust removal rate was 83, 92, and 97% with catalyst flux of 0.5, 0.8, 1.5 L/min, respectively Average dust removal efficiency with a kind of nozzle was about 94 and 90% in STS FF6.5 (5/8in.) and 14 of P.P W(1.0in.), respectively Dust and $SO_2$ were removed more than 98-96% regardless of reactor number. In the case of NO gas, removal yield of 83.3% was achieved after 48 hours in 1 stage, also removal yield of 95.7% was reached in 2 stages. In tile case of application of STS (5/8 in.) and P.P (1.0 in.) as used fill packing, removal efficiency was reached higher than 98% without related to of kind of fill packing.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2009

This study was carried out in order to investigate the decolorization and reduced sludge of real textile wastewater by coagulation process. The aim of the study was to verify the relation between decolorization and coagulants of real textile wastewater treatment processes. Coagulation processes were performed using $FeCl_3$, $FeSO_4$, and $Al_2(SO_4)_3$. Real textile wastewater has a mean concentration for BOD, COD, pH, color to be 800 mg/L, 600 mg/L, 9.7, and 102, respectively. From the experimental results, it was shown that the $FeCl_3$ exhibited higher decolorization at the operating conditions 335~2000 mg/L of coagulants and 500 mg/L NaOH dosage. The efficiency of color removal depended on the wastewater pH and concentration of coagulants.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.291-295
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• 2010

A novel bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus parauberis Z49 strain was characterized and efficiently extracted from fermented cultures by use of aqueous two-phase systems. The nisin-like bacteriocin, which was active even after a heat treatment at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and in the broad pH range from 2 to 12, showed inhibition of bacterial growth of Micrococcus luteus, Lactobacillus spp., Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium, Listereia monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Optimal conditions of PEG 600/$Na_2SO_4$ aqueous two-phase systems for the simple and rapid extraction of a novel bacteriocin were determined to be PEG 600 15%, $Na_2SO_4$ 30%, and NaCl 8%, where the bacteriocin was concentrated in PEG layer.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2005

With the advent of sub-90nm technologies, the system-on-chip (SoC) and system-in-package (SiP) are becoming the trend in delivering low-cost, low-power, and small-form-factor consumer electronic systems running at multiple GHz. The shortened transistor channel length reduces the transistor switching cycles to the range of several picoseconds, yet the time-of-flights of the critical on-chip and off-chip interconnects are in the range of 10 picoseconds for 1.5mm-long wires and 100 picoseconds for 15mm-long wires. Designers realize the bottleneck today often lies at chip-to-chip interconnects and the industry needs a good model to compute the inductance in these parts of circuits. In this paper we propose a new method for extracting accurate equivalent inductance circuit models for SPICE-level circuit simulations of system-on-chip (SoC) and system-in-package (SiP) designs. In our method, geometrical meshes are created and numerical methods are used to find the solutions for the electromagnetic fields over the fine meshes. In this way, multiple-GHz SoC and SiP designers can use accurate inductance modeling and interconnect optimization to achieve high yields.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.619-623
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• 1989

The cultural condition of Pseudomonas mendocina for polysaccharide production was examined. The optimal medium contains following composition per liter of distilled water: Sucrose 23.75g, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 1.57g, Yeast extract 0.5g, $KH_2PO_4\;2.9g,\;MgSO_4.\;7H_2O\;1.0g,\;CaCO_3$ 2.5g. The optimum temperature and pH were $30^{\circ}C$ and 6.5. At the condition. Ps mendocina produced 5.98g/l of polysaccharide. The culture viscosity after 3 days was 191mPa.s at $70sec^{-1}$. The product yield $(Y_{p/s})$ and specific productivity $(Q_p)$ were 25.18% and 32.83mg/g-cell/h.