• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-5
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• 2003

3차원 메쉬에서 특징을 추출하는 것은 메쉬 에디팅이나 메쉬 모핑 등의 여러 가지 메쉬 처리에 있어서 중요한 일이다. 특징을 추출하는 방법 중에서 사용자가 지정한 부근의 특징을 자동적으로 찾아주는 방법은 이미지 처리 분야에서는 오래 전부터 사용되어 왔는데 이미지 스네이크 알고리즘이 그것이다. 최근에는 그러한 이미지 스네이크 알고리즘이 3차원 메쉬에 적용되어 기하학적인 스네이크 알고리즘으로 탄생하였다. 본 논문은 기하학적 스네이크의 새로운 알고리즘을 제시하고, 찾고자 하는 특징의 모양에 따라 스네이크 곡선의 위상이 자유롭게 변화하는 기하학적 스네이크 모델을 제안한다. 본 논문에 사용된 알고리즘은 이미지 스네이크 알고리즘의 동적 프로그래밍 방법을 3차원 메쉬에 응용한 것으로 스네이크 포인트들이 메쉬의 에지를 따라 3차원 상에서 직접 이동을 하면서 에너지가 최소가 되는 지점을 찾아 가는 방식이다. 스네이크 곡선은 메쉬상의 이웃한 정점들의 순차적인 연결선으로 이루어지며 찾고자 하는 특징의 모양과 크기에 따라 스네이크 포인트의 개수가 자동으로 조절된다. 또한 주변의 다른 스네이크 포인트와 만났을 때 합쳐지거나 반대로 여러 스네이크 곡선으로 나뉘어 질 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1976

The blood proteins of ten reptilian species were studied by cellulose acetate elctrophoresis. Three members examined of the genus Agkistrodon have unusually similar patterns in plasma protein, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. On the basis of their electrophoretic patterns, it was concluded that Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus was closely related to the others. In general the plasma protein patterns reflect species specificity. Under the conditions employed, all snakes had a single hemoglobin band except Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum which showing two component patterns. Two members of the Chelonia showed four bands of hemoglobin. The zymograms indicated a distinct divergence in blood proteins of the Squamata from those of the Chelonia. The results reflected superficially the established phylogenies of these groups.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.542-549
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the body size, sexual size dimorphism (SSD), and related environmental factors between Red-tongued viper snakes (Gloydius ussuriensis) inhabiting two different places, i.e., Jeju Island and its islet Gapado, and to provide data required to maintain species diversity from May, 2006 until June, 2009. The snout-vent length of the Red-tongued viper snake population inhabiting Jeju Island was found to be 242-532 mm ($422.0{\pm}46.7mm$, n = 100) in females and 296-580 mm ($434.5{\pm}51.7mm$, n = 63) in males. In contrast, the snout-vent length was observed to be 205-395 mm ($335{\pm}43.6mm$, n = 55) in female and 215-430 mm ($328{\pm}39.4mm$, n = 73) in male Red-tongued viper snakes inhabiting Gapado. These data demonstrated the snout-vent length of both female and male Red-tongued viper snakes on Jeju Island to be larger than those on Gapado (Female t = 17.343, df = 115, P<0.001; Male = 19.128, df = 101, P<0.001). SSD was measured to be -0.03 in the Red-tongued viper snake population on Jeju Island, with more or less larger sizes in the males, while it was 0.02 in the Red-tongued viper snake population in the Gapado, with a little larger sizes in the females. The reason for this difference in the snake populations between Jeju Island and Gapado may be due to adaption to the different ecological environments. In addition, as SSD, the snout-vent length of the Red-tongued viper snake populations and in young vipers was somewhat higher in the males than in the females on Jeju Island (t = -2.011, df = 117, P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the snout-vent length of the young and the general Red-tongued viper snake populations on Gapa Island. For the population on Jeju island, the head length (F = 6.318, $df_{1,2}$=1,117, P<0.05), head width (F=8.090, $df_{1,2}$=1,117, P<0.01), inter eye length (F=15.898, $df_{1,2}$=1,117, P<0.001), and tail length (F=238.488, $df_{1,2}$=1,111, P<0.001) were all larger in the males, while females showed higher body mass (F=64.111, $df_{1,2}$=1,114, P<0.001). In the case of the Gapa Island population, no significant differences in the head length, head width, and inter eye length between females and males were observed, while the males had a longer tail length (F=168.555, $df_{1,2}$=1,74, P<0.001) and the females were heavier (F=17.812, $df_{1,2}$=1,76, P<0.001). Though no significant differences were found in the head length, head width, and inter eye length, the tail length (F=67.793, $df_{1,2}$=1,72, P<0.001) and body mass (F=4.558, $df_{1,2}$=1,72, P<0.05) were higher in the young male Red-tongued viper snakes than in the females. The snout-vent length, head length, head width, and inter eye length, which did not display SSD in the young Red-tongued viper snake populations, were higher in the male Red-tongued viper snake populations than in the female population from Jeju Island, implying that SSD in the Red-tongued viper snake population on Jeju Island is expressed due to environmental effects during their growth.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.531-541
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• 2014

This research investigated the reproduction cycle, litter size, and the effects of factors of red-tongue viper snake inhabiting in Jeju Island, to delve into their life strategy. Field survey was conducted in Jeju Island from May 2006 to November 2008. Reproduction cycle was analyzed through measurements of testis and follicle sizes in laboratory from March 2009 to December 2010. According to the research results, the sizes of red-tongue viper snake's testis and follicle clearly changed seasonally. The number of eggs within the oviduct were greater on the right side ($2.6{\pm}1.0$ eggs, n=16) than on the left side ($1.8{\pm}0.5$ eggs, n=16) (t=-2,721, p<0.05). Average (${\pm}SD$) of survival litter size (SLS) was $4.4{\pm}1.7$ (1~9, range), while total litter size (TLS) was $4.7{\pm}1.5$ (3~9, range), which were not statistically significant. However, their litter sizes were similar to the number of eggs within the oviduct (t=0.039, P>0.05). Relative litter mass (RCM) was $0.42{\pm}0.13$ (0.18~0.79, n=33), and tended to increase, as maternal condition of pre-parturition (MCPPI) was getting better. The sexual ratio of delivered litters showed no significant difference between male and female red-tongue viper snakes (♂:♀ = 1.15:1, n=73 ; ${\chi}^2$=0.342, P>0.5). Average neonate mass showed a weak correlation with maternal mass of pre-parturition (MMPP1) (r=0.387, P<0.05, n=33). Average neonate Snout-vent length (SVL) also demonstrated a weak correlations with maternal SVL (r=0.399, P<0.05, n=33) and MMPP1 (r=0.344, P<0.05, n=33). Average neonate mass and maternal SVL approached significant probability (r=0.323, P=0.067, n=33). This indicates that mother snakes can bear bigger litter due to its larger size. In some cases, litter's weight decreases as mother snakes are bearing more litter; however, the red-tongued viper snake did not show such exchange relationship. From this, it can be conjectured that a red-tongued viper snake has peculiarity of its own species. The research results are predicted to be used as the basis to find a life history of red-tongued viper snake.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.251-264
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• 1988

동면 상태에서 혈액성분의 생화학적 변화치를 조사하고자 전남 각지에 서식 또는 광주직할시 근교에서 양식하고 있는 뱀장어, 개구리, 살모사 그리고 다람쥐를 활동기(7월∼8월), 잠입기(10월∼11월), 동진기(12월∼1월) 및 각려기(3월∼4월)에 채집하였다. 이들 동물들의 혈청에서 Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, A/G ratio, Glucose, Calcium, Urea함유량을 조사하여 얻은 성적을 비교 검토하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1 . Total protein의 변화는 각 동물사이에서 상당한 차이를 보이되 잠입기에 다소 증가하였다. 특히 다람쥐에서 Total protein 함유량이 다른 동물들 보다 많았다. Albumin함유량은 잠입기에 상승하였고 동면기에는 약간의 감소를 보이다가 각성기에는 현저한 감소를 보였다. gloulin함유량은 잠입기에 상당히 상승하고 동면기에 약간의 감소를 나타내었으며 각성기 인 봄철에는 많은 증가 현상을 보였다. 2. 혈청 Urea의 함유량은 동면의 각과정에 따라 상당한 차이가 있었다. 즉 잠입기에 약간 상승하고 동면기에는 저하를 보였으며 각성기에는 전 실험동물에서 검출되지 않았다. 3. 혈당의 변화는 잠입기에 대체로 저하하고 동면기에는 심한 저혈당 수준에 이르렀다. 각성기인 봄철에는 다람쥐를 제외하고는 동면기의 혈희량과 유사하였다. 4. 혈청 Calcium함유량의 변화는 활동기에 비하여 잠입기에는 상당한 증가현상을 보였으나동면기에는 전 실험동물이 거의 같은 수준으로 감소를 보이며 각성기에 까지 감소하였다. In order to the biochemical change of the serological components of hibernating animals, eels(hnguillo joponica Temminck et Schlegel), frogs (Rana nigromacurata Hallowell), snakes (Agkistro-don holds breuicaudus Stejneserl, squirrels (Tamias striatus Linnaeus) which were collected around Gwangiu city and the Chunnam area were observed in accordance with the phases of hibernation. The author described the hibernating cycle as active (June-July), prehibematins(October-Novemberl, hibernating (December-January) and posthibemating phase (March-Aprill. The values of total protein, albumin, globulin, hJG ratlo, calcium, glucose and urea were chiefly investigated in their serum. The results are as following: Total protein was shown to be consider-able in eels, frogs, snakes, squirrels and increased in prehibemation. Especially, the mean value was high in sqirrels. Albumin values was increased during prehibemation. But a little decrease was shown during hibernating and an outstanding decrease during posthibemation. The globulin value increased considerably during prehlbemation but decreased a little during hibernation phase. Changes of urea were shown to be considerable according to the stage of each hibem3-tion. A little increase was shown during prehibemation and decrease during hibernating stage. but urea was not found in posthibemation in any experimental animals. The glucose value was generally decreased during prehibematlon. An extremely little increase in glucose was shown during hibernation (hypoglycemia). All hibernating values except those for squirrels in spring posthibemating phase were at almost the same level. The calcium value was shown to be considerable during prehibemation in comparison with active phase. The same level of decrease was represented in all kinds of animals and continued at the stage of posthibemation.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2 s.20
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• pp.33-41
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• 1976

Agkistrodon halys (Crotalidae) is the only species of poisonous snakes in Korea, and is divided into three subspecies; Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus, Agkistrodon calaginosus and Agkistrodon saxatilis. With the three venoms, the pharmacological actions on the cardiovascular system and intestine as well as some toxicological characteristics were studied. In addition, the precipitin test in an agar gel medium was employed for immunological comparison of the venoms and the sera of envenomed patients. The results obtained were as follows: Lyophilized venoms contained solids of $211{\sim}273mg/ml$, and LD50 to mice were 1.73 and 0.86 mg/kg in venoms of Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus obtained on July and October respectively, and 0.40 and 0.32 mg/kg in Agkistrodon calaginosus and the venoms of Agkistrodon saxatilis obtained on October was 2.29 mg/kg. Isoelectric focusing of lyophilized snake venoms showed 19 to 22 protein fractions and 2 to 3 isoamylase fractions. Acute irreversible hypotension was caused by the intravenous injection of large doses of venoms in rabbits and cats, but at the small doses, acute hypotension followed by slow recovery. Little changes of cardiac movements by the venom injection despite of marked hypotension were showed except bradycardia and arrhythmia prior the death. Also no changes on the isolated rabbit atria by the snake venoms were noted. The hypotensive effect of the snake venoms was prevented by the bilateral vagotomy or atropine pretreatment (1 mg/kg), but they did not affect when already the hypotension has undergone. In the isolated rabbit duodenum, small doses of venom increased the phasic movement, while large doses decreased after spastic contraction. With the injection of venoms in dog, strong contraction of gall-bladder was caused and it was not blocked by the pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg) or atropine (1.4 mg/kg). In the venoms of Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus and Agkistrodon calaginosus, at least 5 antigenic components were detected, and four of them were shared in common with each other. Polyvalent antivenin (Wyeth Lab. USA) had three common precipitating antibodies with the venom of Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus and Akistrodon calaginosus. In the serum of envenomed patients, no precipitating antibodies were seen to the venoms and little changes in serum protein, GOT and GPT were observed. In conclusion, the snake venoms obtained in Korea were highly toxic and caused chiefly the vascular collapse leading to death. This vascular collapse was resulted largely by cholinergic effects, and not cardiotoxin of venoms. In human, it is likely that precipitating antibodies to venom were not produced by an envenomed incidence to poisonous snakes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.5508-5512
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• 2015

Objective.: Sparganosis locations in humans are usually presented with a subcutaneous tissue of abdominal wall, chest, abdominal vicera and brain, but are rarely found in the breast. Methods. A case of sparganosis was confirmed by surgical excision of two parasites in a 76-year-old female patient present to a palpable mass in the right breast (presumed to have been sparganosis approximately 3 years ago). She had no history to direct ingestion of snakes or frogs, but had the history of drinking contaminated water. Mammography, ultrasonography, MRI, and FDG PET/CT imaging findings for patient were characteristic of sparganosis due to suspicion of breast cancer. Conclusions: The first route of infection in humans is drinking contaminated water. The second route is the ingestion of raw or partially cooked snakes or frogs. The third route is infected wound snake, frog muscle that attach to the case. However, only a few cases of drinking contaminated water have been reported in the country. Ultrasonography, MRI is known to be helpful for diagnosis of breast sparganosis. However, Mammography, ultrasonography, MRI, and FDG PET/CT for breast sparganosis is not reported present in the country. Reported the case and reviewed the related literature briefly.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.193-204
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• 2014

The distribution of animals is affected by habitat selection, and habitat type and prey resource are important factors affecting their survival. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern of the Red-tongue viper snake (Gloydius ussuriensis) with respect to altitude, habitat type and distribution of potential prey resource in Cheon-ma mountain, Korea. The study area of Cheon-ma mountain was separated into three altitude categories (low, middle, and high altitude) and the habitat types were categorized according to presence or absence of aquatic ecosystem and the preferred habitat in relation to altitude was determined. The distribution pattern of Red-tongue viper snakes was significantly different according to altitude and habitat type: they were mainly distributed at low altitude and in the water valleys. The distribution pattern of the Red-tongue viper snake correlated with that of amphibians. The analyses of microhabitat use of the Red-tongue viper snake and amphibians showed that their microhabitat types were not different significantly in water valleys. In conclusion, Red-tongue viper snakes were mainly distributed in the water valleys at low altitude and this is because amphibians are important as potential prey of the Red-tongue viper snake in Cheon-ma mountain.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.740-745
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• 2003

Motion tracking and object segmentation are the most fundamental and critical problems in vision tasks suck as motion analysis. An active contour model, snake, was developed as a useful segmenting and tracking tool for rigid or non-rigid objects. Snake is designed no the basis of snake energies. Segmenting and tracking can be executed successfully by energy minimization. In this research, two new paradigms for segmentation and tracking are suggested. First, because the conventional method uses only intensity information, it is difficult to separate an object from its complex background. Therefore, a new energy and design schemes should be proposed for the better segmentation of objects. Second, conventional snake can be applied in situations where the change between images is small. If a fast moving object exists in successive images, conventional snake will not operate well because the moving object may have large differences in its position or shape, between successive images. Snakes's nodes may also fall into the local minima in their motion to the new positions of the target object in the succeeding image. For robust tracking, the condensation algorithm was adopted to control the parameters of the proposed snake model called "adaptive color snake model(SCSM)". The effectiveness of the ACSM is verified by appropriate simulations and experiments.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2010

Reptiles were known to serve as paratenic hosts for Centrorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae) in Korea, but the infection course in experimental animals was not elucidated yet. In this study, the tiger keelback snakes (Rhabdophis tigrinus) were collected and digested with artificial pepsin solution, and the larvae of Centrorhynchus were recovered from them. Then, the collected larvae were orally infected to rats for developmental observations. In rats, all the larvae were observed outside the intestine on day 3 post-infection (PI), including the mesentery and abdominal muscles. As for the development in rats, the ovary of Centrorhynchus sp. was observed at day 15 PI, and the cement glands were 3 in number. Based on the morphological characteristics, including the arrangement of proboscis hooks, these larvae proved to be a species of Centrorhynchus, and more studies were needed for species identification.