• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.516-526
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• 2001

Working towards the compression of morbidity, we attempted to find the way to contribute to desirable aging and/or healthy old age. By looking into the factors affecting nutrient intake in middle-aged adults, we sought to find ways to improve their health status, Two hundred and fifty middle-aged adults from 40 to 60 years of age residing in Seoul and its vicinity were recruited for the survey. Subjects were interviewed for general characteristics, dietary habits lifestyle, status and food intake by a trained interviewer. Two -day food record was included in addition to the 1 -day 24 hr recall. Date were analyzed for the relationship among nutrient intake, health status, socio-economic status dietary habits and lifestyle using a statistical program (SAS) Although the mean energy intake of the subjects did not reach the recommenced dietary allowances(RDA), mean protein intake was well above the RAD for both sex groups(111.2% and 129.1% for men and women, respectively) The caloric contribution of fat was 15 to 20 % of total energy intake among different groups. Riboflavin was the most deficient nutrient and its mean intake reached only 71.0% of RDA for mean This seemed to be due to the lower intake of milk and dairy products among middle-aged Koreans who are more accustomed to traditional meals. Income and exercise habit were the most important factors influencing the nutrient intake of middle-age adults. Also, BMI, smoking habit, level of education regularity of meal, and hours of sleeping influenced the nutrient intake, In conclusion, middle-age adults appeared to have similar problems with the elderly in terms of nutrient intake and this age group should to included when considering nutritionally vulnerable groups in addition to the elderly and young children. The improvement in the nutrition status of middle-age adults is even more important because that could lead into the better health the elderly.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2000

In modern society, the amount of alcohol ingestion is increasing at a dangerous level, especially among women. One of reason for increased alcohol consumption is stress caused by social pressures. Alcohol is a kind of depressant of centric nervous system, so it can induce relaxation of body and decrease the stress. The evidence on the effects of alcohol on the fetus is somewhat hazy, whereas that of smoking is quite clear. The literature on the ingestion of alcohol strongly suggests that drinking during pregnancy is associated with teratogenic effect and low birth weight. Therefore, the adverse effect of alcohol ingestion during pregnancy must be informed to public. More remarkable warning sign about alcohol ingestion must be attached on the top of bottles. This can be an effective measure for public education. Also legal sanction or tax imposition for the production of liquor be required. First of all, drinking habit or drinking culture must be changed. In fact, the strongest motivation of drinking in adolescent is a peer pressure which is related to drinking habit or culture. Secondly, early detection and treatment must be required to prevent from fetal alcohol syndrome. Accordingly, drinking history of pregnant women must be assessed as early as possible and health professional should give a warning about the abstinence of alcohol to drinking women. Thirdly, to minimize the adverse effects for mother, withdrawal syndrome by alcohol ingestion must be treated. to correct the malformation by fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS) can be corrected. Sometimes surgical intervention may be required for this purpose.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2007

연구배경: 흡연은 많은 질병과 사망의 가장 중요한 원인이나 니코틴의존성으로 인해 금연이 어렵고 이로 인한 사회적, 의료적 손실이 증가함에도 불구하고 개선되지 못하고 있다. 이러한 니코틴의존성 중 물리적의존성과 독립적으로 관여할 것으로 생각되는 사회, 문화적 니코틴의존성을 알아보고자 연구하였다. 방 법: 2006년 5월부터 8월까지 일개 대학병원 직원과 일개 의과대학생, 일반 대학생 및 건강 검진자들을 대상으로 KTSND-K 설문지를 이용하여 흡연에 관한 의식 조사를 시행하였다. 결 과: 총 741명 중 평균 연령은 $31.8{\pm}11.6$세이었고, 남자는 428명(57.8%)이었다. 흡연력은 현재흡연자 102명(13.8%), 과거흡연자 95명(12.8%), 비흡연자 544명(73.4%)이었다. 흡연력에 따른 KTSND-K 총점은 현재흡연자, 과거흡연자, 비흡연자에서 각각 $17.1{\pm}5.4$, $14.3{\pm}5.5$, $12.3{\pm}5.5$로 흡연자일수록 의미 있게 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 성별에 따른 총점의 차이는 남녀 각각 $14.3{\pm}5.7$, $11.7{\pm}5.4$로 남성에서 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). 그러나 현재흡연자 중 흡연 행태 및 금연의지에 따라 각 군을 나누어 비교하였을 때 각 군간의 KTSND 총점의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 비흡연자 중 62.5%에서 간접 흡연의 피해를 느꼈으며, 간접 흡연을 경험하는 주요 장소는 주점 56.8%, 식당 32.3%, 학교 30.2%, 노래방 22.8%, 길거리 18.6% 등 공공 장소가 많았다. 결 론: KTSND-K 설문지는 한국 흡연자의 니코틴의존성 중 사회적 니코틴의존성을 평가할 수 있는 유용한 방법이 될 수 있다고 생각된다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was to analyze changes of motivation and health-promoting lifestyle in 3 months after medical examination, and to identify the influencing factors on the change of health-promoting lifestyle. Methods: The subjects of this study were 81 adults who took medical examination at a general hospital health clinic in Cheonan city. The instruments used in this study were the motivation scale and modified HPLP. For data collection, the first survey was conducted from March 16 to April 19, 2001, and the second survey was carried out by mail three months after the medical examination from June 16 to July 19, 2001. Results: 1. The age of the subjects ranged from 26 to 66 years, 71.6% were male, and the major group was office workers(43.2%). 2. The average score of motivation scale was significantly improved in three months to 520.7(SD=82.7). All sub-scales of motivation scale, self-efficacy(t=-4.204, p=.000), perceived benefits(t=-4.263, p=.000), perceived barriers (t=4.305, p=.000), and emotional salience (t=-6.169, p=.000) showed significant improvements in 3 months. 3. The average score of health-promoting lifestyle was significantly increased to 62.5 (SD=9.8) (t=-5.111, p=.000) after 3 months. Health responsibility(t=-6.098, p=.000), eating habit(t=-3.625, p=.001), exercise(t=-2.557, p=.012), and smoking habit(t=-2.157, p=.034) showed significant improvement. But stress management was not changed at the significant level in 3 months(t=-1.832, p=.071). 4. As the result of multiple regression analysis, it was found that perceived barriers, self-efficacy and monthly mean income had a significant influence on health-promoting lifestyle in 3 months after the medical examination. These variables explained 42.4% of variance in health-promoting lifestyle in 3 months after the medical examination. Conclusion: Periodic medical examination and guidance for healthy lifestyle was effective to change the motivation and to improve health promoting lifestyle.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.267-279
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• 2003

연구배경 : 흡연과 폐암 발생 사이의 인과관계는 잘 알려진 사실이지만, 흡연 습관 즉 흡연량 및 기간, 흡연을 처음 시작한 나이, 담배 연기의 흡입 정도, 그리고 담배의 종류 등 다양한 요소들이 폐암 발생에 더욱 크게 작용한다고 한다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 이에 대한 연구 특히 일상동안의 흡연으로 흡입된 타르, 니코틴이 폐암 발생에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 없는 실정이다. 방 법 : 연세대학교 의과대학 세브란스병원에 내원한 45세에서 75세 사이의 폐암 환자 150명과 나이와 성별을 일치시킨 폐암이 아닌 질병을 가진 환자 300명을 대상으로 흡연 습관에 따른 폐암 발생 및 폐암 조직형의 교차비, 일생동안 흡입한 티르와 니코틴 총량을 설문지를 통해 조사하여 산술적으로 합산하여 흡입 총량에 따른 교차비를 알아보고자 환자-대조군 연구를 시행하였다. 각 담배에 포함된 개피 당 타르, 니코틴 함량을 문헌을 통해 조사하였고, 개개인의 흡연 습관의 차이에 따른 일생동안 흡입된 타르와 니코틴의 함량을 구하였다. 결 과 : 폐암 환자군 150명 중 현재 흡연자가 가장 많았고, 여자들 중에서는 비흡연자가 가장 많았으며, 대조군도 유사하였다. 폐암 환자군의 흡연 습관 중 통계적으로 의미가 있었던 것은 흡연 기관과 총 갑년, 최근 2년간 피운 하루 당 개피 수이었고, 흡연 시작 나이와 필터 없는 담배를 피운 기간은 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 폐암 조직형 중 편평상피세포암과 소세포암은 남자와 현재 흡연자가 가장 많았으며, 선암은 여자와 비흡연자가 가장 많았다. 흡연 습관들 중 Kreyberg I에서는 흡연 시작 나이가 어릴수록, 흡연 기간이 길수록, 총 갑년이 높을수록, 최근 2년간 피운 하루 당 개피수가 많을수록, 필터없는 담배를 피운 기간이 길수록 교차비는 증가하였다. 또한 산술적으로 합산한 일생동안 흡입된 타르와 니코틴의 총량이 높을수록 교차비가 높았다. 그러나 Kreyberg II에서는 각 흡연 습관들의 교차비는 통계적으로 의미가 없었다. 결 론 : 본 연구는 단일 병원에서 조사되었고, 환자의 기억에 의존하는 제한점이 있으나, 흡연 습관이 폐암 발생, 폐암 조직형 등과 상당한 연관이 있는 것으로 조사되었고, 일생동안 흡연 습관의 변화를 타르와 니코틴의 흡입된 총량으로 산술적으로 계산하였다는 의의가 있다. 향후 이에 대한 대규모 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.805-812
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the association between diabetes mellitus and community periodontal index in Korean adults. Methods: The study populations were recruited by the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Study subjects were 10,411 who were examined oral examination, blood test, and aged over 19 years. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, the variables were adjusted for gender, age, household income, family history of diabetes, body mess index, smoking habit, and frequency of tooth brushing. Periodontal tissue examination of the subjects was performed and scored by Community periodontal index(CPI). Using probe, six teeth were examined for hemorrhage, plaque, and pocket depth and classified into $CPI_0$, $CPI_1$, $CPI_2$, $CPI_3$ and $CPI_4$. Healthy periodontal groups($CPI_{0-2}$) and periodontal disease groups($CPI_{3-4}$) were divided by the periodontal disease status. The definition of diabetes mellitus(DM) was decided by the diagnosis by the doctors and fasting blood sugar level. Those who were diagnosed as DM were included in DM group. The DM variables included normal blood sugar level, increased fasting blood sugar level, and DM blood sugar level. The DM variables were compared to periodontal disease blood sugar level and analyzed. Results: The periodontitis prevalence rate was 23.2%. Those who had diabetes mellitus accounted for 5.5% of the subjects. Those who had impaired fasting glucose accounted for 17.7% and 7.9% of subjects were diabetes mellitus by blood test. In the confirmed diabetes group by doctor, the periodontitis prevalence rate was significantly higher than the non-diabetic group. Diabetic group by blood test had the highest prevalence rate of periodontitis than those who had impaired fasting glucose group or normal group. After adjusting for gender, age, household income, family history of diabetes, body mass index, smoking habit, and frequency of tooth brushing, the risk of periodontitis in diagnosed diabetes mellitus was 1.57 times(95% CI; 1.27-1.94) higher than the normal group. In impaired fasting glucose group and diabetes mellitus group by blood test, the risk of periodontitis was 1.11 times(95% CI; 0.95-1.30) and 1.45 times(95% CI; 1.45-2.12) higher, respectively. Conclusions: There was a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis in Korean adults. These results suggest that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for periodontitis.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.45-60
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• 1997

Essential hypertension is a typical chronic disease requiring adequate and continuous management. Many studies supported that self-care was the essential factor to promote the wellbeing of hypertensives and self-efficacy increased healthy, behavior. The comprehensive self-regulation program was conducted as a nursing intervention on the promotion self-care performance for hypertensives in company. And this self-regulation program was recommended to apply for hypertensives in rural area. The purpose of this study is to identify the general characteristics affecting self-care and interrelationship among the factors including self-care, self-efficacy, HLOC, perceived benefits, barriers and family support. 40 subjects were interviewed from Dec. 1996 to Jan. 1997 and the data was analyzed by the SPSS PC+ program with t-test and multiple correlation to determine the variables affecting the self-care behavior. The results were as follows: 1) Level of self-care was significant difference according to sex(t= -2.27, p=.0l9). religion (t=1.57, p=.055) and smoking habit (t=4.42, P=.000). Perceived self-efficacy was more significantly high among the non-smoking group (t=3.25, P=.000) and female group (t=-2.534, p=.0l3). 2) There were significant positive correlation among the variables: self-care and self-efficacy (r=.5460, p=.000), external-LOC and self-care(r=.2548, p=.056), external-LOC and self-efficacy(r =. 2901, p=.035), self-efficacy and perceived benefits (r=3307, p=.019). And there were significant negative correlation between self-care and barriers (r=-.5438, p=. 000), self-efficacy and barriers (r= - .4153, p=.004). From the above results, it can be concluded that the self-care is more required in male hypertensives and self-efficacy is one of the important factors to increase healthy behavior in cluding self-care. Thus self-regulation program can be recommended in the management of the hypertensives in community settings.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.99-119
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• 2006

Objectives: This study intends to understand the difference within group of social support level and the effect of social support to health behaviors and health status of the elderly by selecting the old of local society as target. Methods: Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaire of 8,688 persons, older than 65 years, living in a community. We measured the sociodemographic characteristics, social support(family support, other support, quality of support), physical health state(subjective health status, number of chronic disease), physical function state(activities of daily living; ADL, instrumental activities of daily living; IADL), cognition state(mini-mental state examination-Korean; MMSE-K) and depression state(short form of geriatric depression scale; SGDS), health behaviors(smoking, drinking, exercise, eating habit). Univariate, multinominal logistic regression and covariance structure analysis were employed to analyze factors affecting on the social support of the elderly. Results: When considering the degree of social support by the sociodemographic characteristics of the older adults, the family support, other support and quality of support is better when the old is male, young, high education and self-reported living status is good and it has significance statistically. When considering the relation between social support and health status, the family support, other support and quality of support is better when the old's subjective and objective physical health status is good. The family support, other support and quality of support is better when the old's subjective health status is better. The other support and quality of support is better when the old's ADL(activities of daily living) and IADL(instrumental activities of daily living) are good. The family support, other support and quality of support is better when the old's cognitive function and depression state is better. When considering the relation between social support and health behaviors, in case of smoking and drinking, the quality of support, family support and other support is better when the old smokes and drinks rather than the old does not. In case of exercise and eating habit, the family support, other support and quality of support is better when the old exercises and eats regularly rather than the old does not. It has significance statistically. From the result of performing covariance structure analysis by structural equation modeling(SEM) with two endogenous variable(health behaviors and health status) and one exogenous variable(social support), factor loading of health status is 0.74 and factor loading of health behaviors is 0.05. The social support explains health status of 55.4% and health behaviors of 2.9%. Conclusions: This study has the meaning that it finds the difference of social support generating from inside of the group for the old residing in city and country and specifies the effect that the difference of social support influences to health status and health behaviors. From now on, in the development of health improvement strategy of the olds, it is necessary to approach from inclusive aspect while considering psychosocial factor such as social support and social economical factor as well as health status.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.319-328
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• 2013

Objectives: This study estimated the association of cardiovascular health behaviors with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in middle-aged men in Korea. Methods: In total, 12 538 men aged 40 to 59 years were enrolled in 1993 and followed up through 2011. Cardiovascular health metrics defined the following lifestyle behaviors proposed by the American Heart Association: smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diet habit score, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. The cardiovascular health metrics score was calculated as a single categorical variable, by assigning 1 point to each ideal healthy behavior. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of cardiovascular health behavior. Population attributable risks (PARs) were calculated from the significant cardiovascular health metrics. Results: There were 1054 total and 171 CVD deaths over 230 690 person-years of follow-up. The prevalence of meeting all 7 cardiovascular health metrics was 0.67%. Current smoking, elevated blood pressure, and high fasting blood glucose were significantly associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. The adjusted PARs for the 3 significant metrics combined were 35.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.7 to 47.4) and 52.8% (95% CI, 22.0 to 74.0) for all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios of the groups with a 6-7 vs. 0-2 cardiovascular health metrics score were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.59) for all-cause mortality and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.29) for CVD mortality. Conclusions: Among cardiovascular health behaviors, not smoking, normal blood pressure, and recommended fasting blood glucose levels were associated with reduced risks of all-cause and CVD mortality. Meeting a greater number of cardiovascular health metrics was associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1913-1918
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• 2014

Background: The study is the first of its kind to be conducted in Saudi Arabia (KSA), aiming to analyze the effectiveness of an intervention program in improving the knowledge of oral cancer among the youth. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,051 young Saudis (57% males and 43% females with a mean age of $20.4{\pm}1.98$) were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Knowledge assessment was accomplished using a closed-ended questionnaire which was subjected to reliability tests. Prevalence of risk factors in relation to gender was analyzed using the chi-squared test. Effectiveness was calculated by comparing the pre- and post-intervention means, using the two-tailed paired t-test. Multiple logistic regression was employed in order to determine factors associated with awareness of risk habits, signs/symptoms and prevention of oral cancer. The significance level in this study was set at 0.05. Results: Females were seen to be more into the habit of sheesha smoking (3.3% rather than the use of other forms of risk factors. Prevalence of diverse risk factors such as cigarette smoking (20%), sheesha (15.3%), khat (27%) and shamma (9%) was seen among males. Gender and the use of modifiable risk factors among the study sample were significantly (p<0.001) associated with effectiveness of the intervention. The intervention program was highly effective (p<0.001) in improving the knowledge of oral cancer among the youth in Jazan, KSA. Multivariate analysis revealed that age and gender are the most significant factors affecting knowledge. Conclusions: The study gives a direction for further public health initiatives in this oral cancer prone region.