• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.653-662
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• 2016

Recently, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) has been recognized as a core technology of smart water grid, and the relevant market is growing constantly. In this study, we developed all-in-one smart water meter of the AMI system, which was installed on the test-bed to verify both effectiveness and field applicability in office building water usage. Developed 15 mm-diameter smart water meter is a magneto-resistive digital meter, and measures flow rate and water quality parameters (temperature, conductivity) simultaneously. As a result of the water usage analysis by installing six smart water meters on various purposes in office building water usage, the water usage in shower room showed the highest values as the 1,870 L/day and 26.6 liter per capita day (LPCD). But, the water usage in laboratory was irregular, depending on the many variables. From the analysis of the water usage based on day of the week, the water usage on Monday showed the highest value, and tended to decrease toward the weekend. According to the PCA results and multivariate statistical approaches, the shower room (Group 3) and 2 floor man's restroom sink (Group 1-3) have been classified as a separate group, and the others did not show a significant difference in both water use and water quality aspects. From the analysis of water usage measured in this study, the leak or water quality accident did not occur. Consequently, all-in-one smart water meter developed in this study can measure flow rate and water quality parameters (temperature, conductivity) simultaneously with effective field applicability in office building water usage.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.1001-1009
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• 2015

스마트 그리드 안에서 고안된 스마트 미터는 우리가 사용하는 전력 신호를 실시간으로 데이터화해서 전력 공급단의 메인 서버로 전송한다. 이를 통해 전력 관리의 효율성은 증가한 반면, 사용자의 정보를 담은 데이터의 보안 문제가 새로운 위협으로 부상하였다. 본 논문은 스마트 미터에서 추출한 전력 데이터를 통해 가정 내 기기의 식별 및 기기별 사용패턴에 대한 추론을 보안 관점에서 해석함으로써 스마트 기기 환경에서 데이터 노출의 위협을 지적한다. 주성분분석(Principal Component Analysis)으로 데이터의 특징을 추출하였고 k-근접 이웃(k- Nearest Neighbor)분류기로 기기를 식별하고 기기상태를 추론하였으며, 검증방법으로는 10차 교차검증(10-fold Cross Validation)을 활용하였다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2013

최근 전력 수요의 급증으로 인한 전력난은 효율적 전력 사용을 위한 스마트그리드 기술의 중요성을 부각시키고 있다. 스마트그리드 네트워크의 필수구성요소인 스마트미터기의 가용성 취약점에 대한 실험적 내용이 보고되고 있다. 따라서 안전한 스마트그리드의 실현가능성을 위한 가용성 보호 메커니즘 고안이 필수불가결하다. 본 논문에서는 스마트그리드 구조 및 트래픽패턴의 특징 분석을 통해 스마트미터기에 대한 가용성 침해 공격을 탐지하고, 이상 트래픽을 발생하는 공격노드를 검출할 수 있는 메커니즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 탐지 메커니즘은 공격 탐지를 수행하는 시스템의 탐지 부하를 줄이고 적은 샘플 수에도 높은 탐지율을 제공하기 위해 근사엔트로피 기법을 사용한다. 또한 공격노드가 공격트래픽에서 변경할 수 없는 물리정보(CIR 또는 RSSI 등)를 이용하여 공격 탐지 및 공격노드 검출을 수행한다. 마지막으로 본 논문 제안 기법에 대한 시뮬레이션 결과, 탐지 성능과 실현가능성을 보인다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.225-233
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• 2010

최근, 스마트 그리드, 스마트 홈 네트워크, 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 등의 분야에서 필요한 정보를 수집 및 가공하여 실시간 양방향으로 교환하고, 제어 및 감시하는 스마트 정보 모니터링 기술에 대한 연구를 계속 해 왔다. 본 논문에서는 에너지, U-Farm, 차량정보 및 홈 네트워크에 관한 스마트 정보 모니터링 기술의 응용 제품 및 최근 동향들을 알아본다. 특히, 스마트 그리드의 핵심부분인 스마트 미터와 실시간으로 정보를 교환하는 구글 파워미터, 유비쿼터스 농업을 위한 실시간 모니터링 시스템, 차량상태 정보를 위한 실시간 모니터링 시스템, 저전력, 저가격의 ZigBee 기반 스마트 정보 모니터링 기술 응용 및 관련사례에 대하여 기술한다. 마지막으로 스마트그리드 제주 실증단지 구축현황에 대하여 기술한다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.585-595
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• 2020

Integration of multiple communication technologies in a smart grid (SG) enables employing cognitive radio (CR) technology for improving reliability and security with low latency by adaptively and effectively allocating spectral resources. The versatile features of the CR enable the smart meter to select either the unlicensed or the licensed band for transmitting data to the utility company, thus reducing communication outage. Demand response management is regarded as the control unit of the SG that balances the load by regulating the real-time price that benefits both the utility company and consumers. In this study, joint allocation of the transmission power to the smart meter and consumer's demand is formulated as a two stage multi-armed bandit game in which the players select their optimal strategies noncooperatively without having any prior information about the media. Furthermore, based on historical rewards of the player, a real-time pricing adaptation method is proposed. The latter is validated through numerical results.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2020

A smart grid is a next-generation power grid that can improve energy efficiency by applying information and communication technology to the general power grid. The smart grid makes it possible to exchange information about electricity production and consumption between electricity providers and consumers in real-time. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is the core technology of the smart grid. The AMI provides two-way communication by installing a modem in an existing digital meter and typically include smart meters, data collection units, and meter data management systems. Because the AMI requires data collection units to control multiple smart meters, it is essential to ensure network availability under heavy network loads. If the load on the work done by the data collection unit is high, it is necessary to allocation new data collection units to ensure availability and improve energy efficiency. In this paper, we discuss the allocation scheme of data collection units for the energy efficiency of the AMI.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.815-821
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 스마트미터의 북미 국제표준인 ANSI C12.22에서 정의하는 C12.22 노드의 응용계층 프로토콜을 구현하였다. ANSI C12.22에서는 OSI 7 계층 중에서 응용계층만을 정의하고 있다. 정보전송에 필수 요소인 1~4 계층은 기존에 사용되고 있는 프로토콜을 사용할 것을 권고하고 있으며, 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 통상적으로 사용되고 있는 TCP/IP 프로토콜을 전송계층 및 네트워크계층 프로토콜로 사용하였다. ANSI C12.19에서는 전력량계에 사용되는 파라미터들을 규정하고 있으며, C12.22 응용계층은 이 전력량계 파라미터들을 네트워킹하기 위한 최소한의 네트워크 서비스와 데이터 구조들을 정의하고 있다. 이러한 서비스와 데이터 구조들은 네트워킹된 전력량계를 설정, 프로그래밍, 모니터링하거나 전력량계의 정보를 수집할 목적으로 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 C12.22 응용계층을 소프트웨어로 구현하기 위해 임베디드 보드를 사용하였고, 기능 테스트를 위해서 AMI 응용서버 역할을 하는 테스트 프로그램을 동시에 개발하였다.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2022

As meters become digital and smart, energy data such as electricity, gas, heat, and water can be accurately and efficiently measured with a smart meter, providing consumers with data on energy used, so that real-time demand response and energy management services can be utilized. Although it is developing from a simple metering system to a smart metering industry to create a high value-added industry fused with ICT, illegal counterfeiting of electronic meters is causing problems in intelligent crimes such as manipulation and hacking of SW. The meter not only allows forgery of the meter data through arbitrary manipulation of the SW, but also leaves a fatal error in the metering performance, so that the OIML requires the validation of the SW from the authorized institution. In order to solve this problem, a quantitative confirmation device was developed in order to eradicate the act of cheating the fuel oil quantity through encoder pulse operation and program modulation, etc. In order to prevent the act of deceiving the lubricator, a device capable of checking pulse forgery was developed, manufactured, and verified. In addition, the performance of the device was verified by conducting an experiment on the meter being used in the actual field. It is judged that the developed quantitative confirmation device can be applied to other flow meters other than lubricators, and in this case, accurate measurement can be induced.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.1493-1515
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• 2015

A smart meter is one of the core components in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) that is responsible for providing effective control and monitor of electrical energy consumptions. The multifunction tasks that a smart meter carries out such as facilitating two-way communication between utility providers and consumers, managing metering data, delivering anomalies reports, analyzing fault and power quality, simply show that there are huge amount of data exchange in smart metering networks (SMNs). These data are prone to security threats due to high dependability of SMNs on Internet-based communication, which is highly insecure. Therefore, there is a need to identify all possible security threats over this network and propose suitable countermeasures for securing the communication between smart meters and utility provider office. This paper studies the architecture of the smart grid communication networks, focuses on smart metering networks and discusses how such networks can be vulnerable to security attacks. This paper also presents current mechanisms that have been used to secure the smart metering networks from specific type of attacks in SMNs. Moreover, we highlight several open issues related to the security and privacy of SMNs which we anticipate could serve as baseline for future research directions.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2020

As the fourth industrial revolution, in which people, objects, and information are connected as one, various fields such as smart energy, smart cities, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, unmanned cars, and robot industries are becoming the mainstream, drawing attention to big data. Among them, Smart Grid is a technology that maximizes energy efficiency by converging information and communication technologies into the power grid to establish a smart grid that can know electricity usage, supply volume, and power line conditions. Smart meters are equient that monitors and communicates power usage. We start with the goal of building a virtual smart grid and constructing a virtual environment in which real-time data is generated to accommodate large volumes of data that are small in capacity but regularly generated. A major role is given in creating a software/hardware architecture deployment environment suitable for the system for test operations. It is necessary to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the software according to the characteristics of the collected data and select sub-projects suitable for the purpose. The collected data was collected/loaded/processed/analyzed by the Hadoop ecosystem-based big data platform, and used to predict power demand through deep learning.