• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2013

King Sunjong was the 27th King and the last King in the Joseon Dynasty. He lived an unhappy life as the prince and the King of perishing country. At the age of 22, He witness the death of his mother Queen Myeongseong by Japanese assassin. He has a weak constitution and have many diseases. He get varicella(水痘) in infancy, and suffered from smallpox(紅疫) at 6, and catched the measles(天然痘) at 12. At the age of 25, Having drunk the coffee that contained opium(阿片), he had bloody excrement(血便) and lose the 18 teeth. The Symptoms that appeared frequently at adult age are indigestion(滯症), diarrhea(泄瀉), trophedema(足部浮腫), odontopathy(齒科疾患) etc. This indigestion(滯症) and diarrhea(泄瀉) are occurred by gastroenteropathy(胃腸病). This odontopathy(齒科疾患) is the aftereffect from having 18 false teeth. We assume that this trophedema(足部浮腫) is occurred by cardiac disease(心臟病) and renal disease(腎臟病). The chronic diseases of King Sunjong are gastroenteropathy(胃腸病), renal disease(腎臟病), cardiac disease(心臟病), rheumatism. We assume that the immediate cause of his death is the aggravation of the renal disease(腎臟病) and cardiac disease(心臟病). The medical treatments for him are hardly included in "Formal Records of the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄)" which is the prime governmental document. Many royal doctors in court used the traditional Korean medicine, but western doctors from Japan often treated him by medical techniques such as injection(注射), consperg(散藥), liquid medicine(水藥).

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2010

Objectives In the later period of Choseon dynasty, korean pediatrics became a pivot part of medicine. SoAUiBang was the most important book in that era. DongEuiBoGam was the most widely read of all oriental medicine books and published in early days of the Choseon dynasty. Therefore, this comparative study on the prescription and formation of SoAUiBang and DongEuiBoGam could be a useful way to understand SoAUiBang's characteristics. Methods This study was based on SoAUiBang and DongEuiBoGam, two literatures of oriental medicine. Results 1. Formation of SoAUiBang had a similar aspect with that of DongEuiBoGam's and enlarged the area of pediatrics by featuring general medical books. However, its formation did not follow the DongEuiBoGam's, but had its unique formation. It tried to include all diseases of pediatrics in the system of DongEuiBoGam. Plus, smallpox and measles belonged to the epidemic diseases were excluded from the area of pediatrics. 2. Comparing SoAUiBang's prescription of some important diseases with DongEuiBoGam's, it was almost a prescription based on DongEuiBoGam's prescription. However, adjustment of herbs and dosages could not be found in any oriental medicine books including DongEuiBoGam. Conclusions SoAUiBang maintained the traditional Oriental medicine based on author's scholarly creativeness. In addition, it also inherited the lineage of medicine in Korea along with the pedigree of DongEuiBoGam. Therefore, SoAUiBang should be re-evaluated as a medicine book that opened a new field of pediatric and had great academic values.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 2012

Background Among the various methods for correcting nasal deformity, the composite graft is suitable for the inner and outer reconstruction of the nose in a single stage. In this article, we present our technique for reconstructing the ala and columella using the auricular chondrocutaneous composite graft. Methods From 2004 to 2011, 15 cases of alar and 2 cases of columellar reconstruction employing the chondrocutaneous composite graft were studied, all followed up for 3 to 24 months (average, 13.5 months). All of the patients were reviewed retrospectively for the demographics, graft size, selection of the donor site and outcomes including morbidity and complications. Results The reasons for the deformity were burn scar (n=7), traumatic scar (n=4), smallpox scar (n=4), basal cell carcinoma defect (n=1), and scar contracture (n=1) from implant induced infection. In 5 cases of nostril stricture and 6 cases of alar defect and notching, composite grafts from the helix were used ($8.9{\times}12.5$ mm). In 4 cases of retracted ala, grafts from the posterior surface of the concha were matched ($5{\times}15$ mm). For the reconstruction of the columella, we harvested the graft from the posterior scapha ($9{\times}13.5$ mm). Except one case with partial necrosis and delayed healing due to smoking, the grafts were successful in all of the cases and there was no deformity of the donor site. Conclusions An alar and columellar defect can be reconstructed successfully with a relatively large composite graft without donor site morbidity. The selection of the donor site should be individualized according to the 3-dimensional configuration of the defect.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.92-110
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• 2015

Objectives : The water extract of Bowon-tang composited with thePanax, AstragalusandGlycyrrhiza Radixhas been traditionally used for treatment of a sickly child and smallpox in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the regulatory effects of Bowon-tang on the production, expression and activity of immune mediators [nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, inducible nitric oxide synthetase, cyclooxygenase-2], the macrophage activation factor production, the proliferation, subset expression, the killing activity, and the capping in immune cells.Methods : In this study, we investigated the effects of water extracts from Bowon-tang,Panax, AstragalusorGRin mouse immune cells or human Jurkat T cells. Each extract (25-200 ㎍/㎖)perse had no cytotoxic effect in unstimulated macrophages, but concentration-dependently regulated NO and PGE₂production, iNOS expression, and COX-2 activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages with MAF stimulation. These regulatory effects were synergistically increased by their combination (Bowon-tang).Results : The extract of Bowon-tang concentration-dependently regulated T cell proliferation, CD4⁺and CD8⁺expression, and NK killing activity in mouse splenocytes and capping in Jurkat T cells.Conclusions : These results suggest that the water extract of Bowon-tang composited with thePanax, AstragalusandGRmay be useful for therapeutic drugs against a sickly constitution and immune diseases, probably by regulating the production of immune mediators.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1976

The organized community is the one of the best system for the effective public health administration, and a model area was selected for the study to see what would be achieved when a certain small community is placed under the special public health control based on the family unit. The 178 families involved total of 875 populations. The rate of vaccination with B.C.G. among 191 infants and children could be increased upto 100.0% from 72.5% of the time when the basic study was performed after 8 months period of this study; 99.0% from 47.1% with D.P.T.; 96,9% from 71.7% against smallpox; 83.2% from 69.1% against poliomyelitis; but only 25,7% from 21.5% against measles. The status of family planing was 36.8% among 155 women of possible conception at the time of the basic research. And, at the end of this study, the number of women utilizing one of the methods of contraception for family planning were increased upto 52.9% among the same number. The most frequently utilized method was 34.1% of oral pills followed by 30.5% of intrauterine device; but both of which had higher rate of interruption of use because of the complications, 14.3% and 16.0% respectively. The 10 pregnant women at the time of basic research experienced normal deliveries during the period of study and they had received pre and postnatal health care through this health center. The status of oral hygiene, pulmonary tuberculosis control, and parasitological examination were also reported as well as the cases with diseases seen among the population and vaccinations performed against other infectious diseases. The stress on discussion was placed upon the effectiveness of public health administration when it is undergone on the individual family unit to achieve the best results. However, the shortness of both personnel and material resources were considered to be the one of the major difficulties retarding the generalization of the idea obtained through this study based on family unit public health administration.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.58-64
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• 2016

The birth of the scientific revolution, brought forth by Vesalius and Copernicus in 1543, marked the beginning of a new age. However, the changes such as treatment effectiveness, survival rate, prevalence of specific diseases, etc. had not yet become clear during the 16th century. In the early 17th century, Boerhaave emphasized bedside teaching and practice. His attitude influenced numerous students and educators, so many medical students visited hospital wards where he worked. From the late 18th to 19th centuries, Jenner's smallpox vaccination, Pasteur's anthrax and rabies vaccinations, and Koch's four postulates used to detect pathogens were developed using the scientific research method, which initiated big changes for medicine. Flexner, credited for reporting the new medical education system, adopted scientific medicine. He believed medical students must study basic medical science since it could be the foundation of clinical medicine and lead to a revolution in the field. He proposed a new medical curriculum composed of two-years of basic medicine and two-years of clinical medicine, which has been used more than 100 years. During the late 20th century, bedside teaching rounds decreased gradually as scientific medicine has become popular. Many medical educators in many articles have proposed bedside education as an effective method for medical learning. Despite the advent of the age of artificial intelligence and the changing of medical environments in the near future, bedside education will be more useful and important for medical students, educators, and patients as it is a traditional method and essential for patients who desire a more personal approach.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2019

Queen Myeongseong was the wife of King Hyeonjong, the 18th king of the Joseon Dynasty, and the mother of King Sukjong. The clinical records of Queen Myeongseong are summarized on the basis of the Seungjeongwon Ilgi (The Daily Records of Royal Secretariat of Joseon Dynasty 承政院日記) and reviewed through Donguibogam. Queen Myeongseong gave birth to one male and three female children in the time of the queen. She took Geumgaedangguihwan (金櫃當歸丸), Dalsaengsan (達生散), Antaeum (安胎飮) during her pregnancy and Gungguitang (芎歸湯) during postnatal care. Since 1669, chest tightness, sleeplessness, arm pain and numbness of arms had been appeared. Ondamtang (溫膽湯) and Dodamtang (導痰湯) were used but they were not effective. However, when her symptoms were regarded as a benign tumor due to cold and wetness, there was a difference in the use of Ohjuksan (五積散). In 1683, when king Sukjong was caught in a smallpox, she took care of him. She exorcised in the middle of winter to pray for her son's recovery, and died of the flu.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.173-183
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• 2022

Objectives : The publication of a specialized medical text on a specific disease at a specific time means that the disease which had broken out previously has become a problem throughout society. In this paper, changes in perception of the pediatric infectious diseases Douchuang(痘瘡, smallpox) and Mazhen(麻疹) were examined in the medical texts, the Donguibogam, Jejungsinpyeon, Yaksandang Sinjip Uibang Geumnangjibo, and the Uijongboik. Methods : Entries on Mazhen are brief within the Donguibogam which was published before its pandemic, while in the Jejungsinpyeon, which was published after Joseon had experienced the pandemic, understanding of the disease is rather insufficient. In the text Yaksandang Sinjip Uibang Geumnangjibo, which was published in the early 19th century, there is an abundance of personal accounts on the treatment of Douchuang and Mazhen. In the Uijongboik, various treatment methods of Douchuang and Mazhen could be found. Results & Conclusions : These findings could be interpreted as reflecting a development in medical knowledge of Hongzhen(紅疹) after years of experience dealing with the disease, which had been insufficient in the past as could be found in private medical texts written after the great Hongyi(紅疫, measles) pandemic had already passed. In that time Hongzhen(紅疹) had become one of the most important pediatric diseases, and peoples' perspectives had also changed accordingly.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.172-182
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• 2022

Background: The coronavirus problem is an ecological problem stemming from a sudden change in the relationship between parasites and hosts. Ecologists judge organisms that are established out of their original territory as exotic species. Unlike in their original habitat, these exotic species become very aggressive in their newly settled habitat. Coronavirus infection damage was bigger in Europe or the United States than that in the country of its origin, China, and its neighboring countries. Therefore, coronavirus infection damage resembles the damage due to the invasive species. Results: Exotic species are found in places with similar environmental conditions to those of their origin when introduced to other ecological regions. However, there are few ecological ill effects in their place of origin, while the damage is usually severe in the ecological regions in which it is introduced. According to historical records, exotic infectious diseases, such as European smallpox and measles, also showed a similar trend and caused great damage in newly established places. Therefore, it is expected that measures to manage exotic species could be used for the prevention of exotic infectious diseases such as the coronavirus. Conclusions: Prevention comes first in the management of exotic species, and in order to come up with preventive measures, it is important to collect information on the characteristics of related organisms and their preferred environment. In this respect, ecosystem management measures such as exotic species management measures could be used as a reference to prevent and suppress the spread. To put these measures into practice, it is urgently required to establish an international integrated information network for collecting and exchanging information between regions and countries. Furthermore, a systematic ecosystem-management strategy in which natural and human environments could continue sustainable lives in their respective locations may serve as a countermeasure to prevent infectious diseases.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.5
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• pp.252-305
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• 1992

The Korean Medicine in the middle period of the Chosun Dynasty, with its clear independence, has made an excellent display of originality and superiority in the world medicine. By pinpointing its merits, classifying its lineal descent, and examining its relation with present Korean Medicine we can draw the following conclusions. First, the study on the history of Korean Medicine should, in terms of time, grasp the generational stream and, in terms of space, examine the relation with medicines of neighbouring countries, with both an inner and outer way of observing. Secondly, it is but a manifestation of the colonial view of history to classify the 460 years from Tae-jo(太祖) to Cheol-jong(哲宗) as Mordern Period of Korean Medicine. Therefore, the 250-year period between the mid-16th century of Myung-jong(明宗) to the late-18th century of later Jeong-jo(正祖), which saw a pivotal development of the national medicine as a practical medicine based on experiences, should be established as the period of Korean Medicine in the mid-Chosun dynasty. It is required from both nationalistic view of history and history as a positive science. Thirdly, Korean Medicine in the mid-Chosun period was developed with an emphasis on an independent development and creative succession of the national medicine, which was succeeded to the late-Chosun period. Fourthly, medical thought in the mid-Chosun period was much influenced by, and based on the practicality of, Shil-hak(or practical science : 實學) as was the current of the times. Fifthly, though medicine in the mid-Chosun period was generally developed, the recipes for the measles, epidemic and smallpox were especially developed owing to rage of epidemics, and the development of the acupunture as a military medicine was the most c lear because of the two major wars against the Japanese and Chinese, respectively in 1592 and 1636. Sixthly, Whang doh-yeon(黃道淵)'s Bangyak-happyeon(方藥合編), Lee je-mah(李濟馬)'s Tongui-susebawon(東醫壽世保元) and Lee kyu-jun(李奎晙)'s Uigam-jungma(醫鑑重磨) are representative medical books, in the late-Chosun period, which creatively succeeded national medicine. Seventhly, the lineage of national medicine flows from Hyangyak-jipseongbang(鄕樂集成方) Uibangryuchui(醫方類聚) Gugeupbang(救急方) to Uirimchualyo(醫林撮要) Tonguibogam(東醫寶鑑) Uimunbogam(醫門寶鑑) Jejung-sinpyeon(濟衆新編) and to Bangyak-happyeon(方藥合編) Tongui-susebawon(東醫壽世保元) Uigam-jungma(醫鑑重磨). These books are representative medical books in the early middle and late Chosun period respectively. On the basis of the above facts, it is clear that the orthodoxy of national medicine is in the direction of a creative succession and that is the best way to keep the spirit of Korean medicine today.