• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

The historical changes of seeding work in Japan, the typical slope revegetation method, is possible to divide into five periods as follows; 1) The early period after creation(1927-1948) 2) The spreading period of modern revegetation work with manpower(1947-1958) 3) The spreading period of rapid revegetation technique using exotic grasses with machineries(1959-1985${\dots}$) 4) The spreading period of rapid reforestation technique by fast growing species mainly using leguminous shrub species(1986-1995${\dots}$) 5)The developing period of nature restoration technique using endemic arborous species(1996-) The evaluation basis of vegetated condition after slope seeding has been described to a official guide book, "The Standards of Slope Stabilizing Works" It was mainly revised three times after first edition in 1972, and also the point of evaluation basis changed from the vegetation coverage to the density of woody plant through the 3rd period and the 4th period Recently main purpose of slope seeding has been developing from the erosion protection to the nature restoration in the current of the 5th period, and "The tentative guidelines of slope nature restoration" was announced by The Slope Revegetation Section of Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology in 2004. It was proposed the planning techniques of using suitable seeds/plants based on the preservation level at the real each construction sites Consequently, at present the importance of advanced monitoring methods for vegetation maintenance and plant sociologic survey to evaluate the plant succession is increasing.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.72-85
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to establish the basis of the ecological restoration on the limestone mines in Korea, through the research of the revegetation measures of the disturbed slopes in Japanese limestone mines and the analysis of the case of Ibuki and Bukou limestone mines to realize the restoration works successfully. According to the number of mines to carry out the revegetation works increase every year, the revegetation area and amount of planting also go on increasing in Japan. In the small mines the environmental problem is not recognized seriously, but some mines have muchly invested in the revegetation of the damaged land by mines. Ibuki mine in Shiga-gen is practicing the four principles for the restoring of the revegetation in the disturbed slopes by mines. Firstly, the mean slope preserves $37^{\circ}$ in the last rock cut slopes. Secondly, the last rock cut slopes to rehabilitate are covered with the soil dressing 30cm high. Thirdly, the grasses in the mining area are digged up beforehand, and then they are reused to the revegetation works of rock cut slopes. Lastly, from the upper rock cut slopes the revegetation works begin, the process of the above are repeated, as the result, the restoring works will be completed. Upon the ground of these principles, the complex of the original vegetation and the native species seeding, that is, the revegetation technique of Ibuki have established. In the difficult area to revegetate, sodding works, heaping up vegetation-sack, seed-spraying, heaping up soil-sacks and planting works are adapted variously. Bukou mine in Saitama-gen try to maintain the revegetation, the screening and the stability of the enormous mining rock cut slope, and for these works, the activity of 'Chichibu Working Group of Rock Wall for Limestone Mines' contributes largely. The chief technique of the revegetation in Bukou mine is following; after the making the berm on the rock cut slopes, the soil dressing is filled in it, and the trees is planted for the screening of the rock cut slopes. They devide the rock cut slopes into four typical types, and choose the different ways to make the berm and fill the soil dressing in characteristic. Most of the planting trees are consist ofthe native species of Mt. Bukou through the stages of the nursery and transplantation. Not only the revegetation of the demaged land but also the breeding of the conservational plants also are their important business.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.94-102
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• 1999

The retaining wall is a structure which was made for changing land form in many construction. The first role of the retaining wall is to maintain the slope stability. But recently, the amount of retaining wall have been increasing because of the expansion of construction works and the amenity of urban environment have been decreasing because of environmental destruction and the scenic heterogeneity. So we should consider the slope stability and ecological stability at the same time. The purpose of this study is to develop the retaining wall revegetation technology using the Eco-Stone, the structure of co-satisfying which included the slope stability and the revegetation effect. Eco-Stone is a structure which has high stability for earth pressure, settlement and drainage. And cost and term of construction works also have been decreased. Eco-Stone structure is one of factors composing the ecological network which is harmonize with surrounding environment. In this way, it is expected that the ecological habitats of various species would be restored.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.88-93
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• 1999

In modern period, the history of highway landscaping can be divided into three stages. The first stage from the late 1960s to the early 1970s : during this period revegetation operation started and landscape architecture was introduced. The second stage from the late 1970s to the early 1980s : during this period the definition of functional planting which had played the most important role in highway landscaping was established. Also, highway landscaping was influenced by Japan, and the revegetation of highway slopes were applied with Seedspray, Block-sodding methods, and so on. The third stage from late 1980s to the present : during this period eco-landscaping was introduced and began to mix with ecosystem techniques. The revegetation works of cutting-rock slopes have widely been developed. Many people think that landscaping is necessary for us, and that revegetation method is effective to conserve slope environment. Based on accumulated data we have to improve the function of landscaping and revegetation method, and also have to establish the method of landscaping harmonized with our own landscape.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

In this study, we attempted to seek out the ways to recycle fresh root-chips in the slope revegetation works by breaking tree root wastes occurring during the construction works, also to review the applicability of fresh root-chips as the soil media in slope revegetation works. For this purpose, we organized test units in order to investigate on-site applicability of fresh root-chips (broken chips). In order to examine the desirable ration of combining fresh root-chips with the hydroseeding soil media on the cutting slopes, we organized test units depending on the amount of combination. The following is the main experimental results. 1. At first, we analyzed properties of hrdro-seeding soil media and soil of the experimental sites. The overall results demonstrate that all the test units show proper range for vegetation. 2. We believe that the physical properties of soils in the earlier phase of restoration works on the sloped sites are not greatly affected by the fact whether broken chips exist or not. However, as time elapses, broken chips needs to be investigated further on what kind of impact they have on the soil condition. 3. More species are found in the test unit combining broken chips and we believe that it will contribute to blossoming of green plants and ecological succession of neighboring plants. 4. We performed experiment on possibility for fresh root-chips as substitutes for the hydro-seeding soil-media. In the test unit that combines fresh root-chips, its mixture ratio tends to exceed that of the test unit that does not combine fresh root-chips by 5 %. In case of the Thick-Layer-Soil-Media Hydroseeding works, the mixture ratio of the test unit that combines fresh root-chips after 16 weeks exceeds that of the test unit that does not combine fresh root-chips by 75%. 5. From the result of our experiment, it is obvious that the ratio of mixture and the number of emerging species are higher for the test unit combining fresh root-chips than the test unit that does not combine them. In other words, we can replace the hydro-seeding-soil-media with some Fresh root-chips without affecting the physical property of soil.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2010

The main objectives of this comparative study were 1) to quantify the potential contribution of wood chips to revegetation on the cut slope in a constructed area, 2) to compare the floristic similarity of species composition whether existing of wood chips in the soil media or not. Wood chips were combined with soil media in the ratio of 30%. The thin layer (1 cm, 3 cm) soil media revegetation methods and the thick layer (10 cm) soil media revegetation method were constructed on the cut slopes by machineries respectively. Also, comparative experiments the existence of wood chips in the soil media were conducted to evaluate the effects of wood chips on revegetation works. The total size of quadrat was $300m^2$ ($100m^2{\times}3$). The results of monitoring for 3 years on cut slopes were as follows: 1) All the quadrat existed in the proper range for vegetation. 2) Species richness of quadrat including wood chips was 10% more than those of commercial soil medias. 3) The coverage rates of quadrat including wood chips were similar or superior to those of conventional methods. It can be concluded that the use of wood chips would be effective to promote establishment of diverse landscape and vegetation. However, it behooves to continue monitoring on succession of vegetation for ecological restoration. Finally, adequate wood chips deposit and gathering methods should be studied properly.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.72-84
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• 2008

Since enactment of the Baekdu-Mountain Range protection law in Dec. 31st 2003, great interest arose in recovery of the natural environment in the Baekdu-Mountain Range. Since the Baekdu-Mountain Range has formed boundaries between different regions and it is the mountain that crosses our country from East to West, there are so many roads that penetrate this area. Slopes made by the construction of roads have poor foundation for the growth of vegetation and it takes a long period to restore only with natural restoration force. For this reason, various methods of revegetation to restore the damages are implemented but until now, revegetation of domestic soil cutting slopes are mainly covered by foreign import grasses to stabilize and cover grounds early. As we depended upon foreign import grasses for slopes revegetation, the landscape did not match in harmony with surrounding vegetation and therefore, we could see that these foreign grasses are withered in 2~3 years after the revegetation works and slopes become barren again. However, currently, there are no applicable standards for designs of green hill, desirable revegetation methods for the hill areas, roads and recovery models. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the status of revegetation plants and revegetation methods for the hill areas of the Baekdu-Mountain Range (azimuth, degree of tilt, and tilted places). Based on this, we attempted to find the desirable recovery models for the hill areas of the Baekdu-Mountain Range.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2005

This study aimed to address problems and suggest solutions in applying seed mixture design criterior of the slope revegetation works according to "The guidelines of Slope revegetation design and construction" proposed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation. To do this, the planting thickness was set to be the same 2cm while the composition of seeds was made different, which was planted in artificial slopes and fields. The main results were summarized as follows. In the test, when applying the provisional standards of the plant mixtures proposed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, tree seeds and native plants were found poor coverage effect in the early stage in all test plots due to introduced grasses. This was because introduced winter grasses which grew well in the early stage, could grow densely, so it might hamper the growth of other plants. Therefore, it was found desirable that standards for seed mixing should be adjusted down by 10% and the ratio of introduced grasses in the mixture should be lowered to 25% while native plants should increase to 20-25%.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2005

This study aimed to address problems and suggest solutions in applying seed mixture design criterior of slope revegetation works according to the "Slope revegetation design and guidelines(proposed)" proposed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation. To do this, a proper thickness of attaching soil media was identified in April experiment where the thickness and slopes varied. The results were as follows. In the test, the coverage rate of plot where exotic grass was not sowed increased with time and was 79.3% after three months of seeding, which indicated less risk of soil erosion. When applying the provisional standards of the plant mix proposed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, tree seeds and native plants were found ill in the early stage in all test lands due to exotic grass. This was because exotic grass which grew well in the early stage, could grow densely, so it might hamper the growth of other plants. When slope revegetation were planted and goals were set for herb, shrub and tree dominant mixture types, it was required to shift focus toward nursing up native plants first rather than early plantation of exotic grass.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.115-127
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• 2012

This study was conducted on the measurement of soil hardness through a hardness testing machine in slopes of natural environments and artificial environments which is generally known as slope revegetation. The soil hardness as one of physicochemical soil properties is significantly associated with plant growth. Although another studies related to the slope revegetation was focused on herbaceous plants, studies related to soil properties for arbor appearance is lack. It was focused on the correlation analysis between the soil hardness and the plant appearance. the results were as follows : The higher the soil hardness is, the less the appearance of plants is as a result of survey. Species appearing in the high levels of the soil hardness represented mugwort and grass. The levels of the soil hardness in the slope of natural environments was good environmental conditions with various plants in the range of 6 to 12mm. The levels of the soil hardness in the slope revegetation was in the 6.88-30mm range. The soil hardness below 21mm showed a variety of plants with arbors and herbaceous plants, whereas it above 21mm represented a monotonous style of plant structure including Artemisia princeps, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis L and Setaria viridis. The result of the correlation analysis between the soil hardness and the plant appearance was negatively correlated with justifiable significance levels. The result of a logistic regression analysis for tree appearance was statistically proved when the numerical value of the soil hardness is lower.