• PNF and Movement
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of study was aimed to identify whether the painless dynamic PNF techniques makes any differences in reducing lymphedema by applying this technique to lymphedema patients, and to provide the basic reference data for the purpose of applying to lymphedema patients. Methods : A total of 40 women participated in this study, and they did PNF techniques before applying lymph compression bandages. Group 1 of 20 subjects performed PNF techniques three times a week with 30 minutes each time. Group 2 of 20 subjects only practiced edema reducing massaging for 30 minutes. Results : In addition, the interaction between treatment method and treatment time was significant (p<.0001), which indicates that the changes in edema rates by measurement times appear differently according to treatment methods. In this study, it means that the 'PNF techniques' group has a steeper slope of decline than the 'message' group. Conclusion : In conclusion, both massaging and PNF techniques helped to lower edema rates. Four weeks after the beginning of treatment, PNF techniques was exhibited as generating a large degree of decline in edema rates than massaging.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2018

DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is a useful dataset which represents the earth surface. Beside many applications, production and frequent update of DEM is a costly task. Recently global satellite based DEMs are available which has huge potential for application. To check the accuracy, this study compares two global DEMs: AW3D30 (Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D 30m) and SRTM30 (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Global 30m) with reference resampled LiDAR DEM 30m in a test area around Chuncheon, Korea. The comparison analysis was based on statistics of each DEM, their difference, profiles, slope, basin and stream orders. As a result, it is found that SRTM30 and AW3D30 were much similar but inconsistent in the test area compared to the LiDAR30 DEM. In addition, SRTM30 shows less difference with LiDAR30 compared to the AW3D30 DEM. But, DEMs should be very carefully examined for area which has temporal or season changes. For basin and stream analysis, global DEMs can be used only for regional scale analysis not local large scales.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2011

This paper proposes an optimal ARS control of a two-wheel mobile inverted pendulum robot. Conventional researches are highly concentrated on the robust control of a mobile inverted pendulum on the flat ground, $i.e.$, mostly focus on the compensation of gyroscope signals. This newly proposed algorithm deals with a climbing control of a slanted surface based on the dynamic modeling using the conventional structure. During the climbing control of the robot, unexpected disturbance forces are essentially caused by the irregular contact force which comes from the irregular contact angle between the wheel and the terrain. The disturbances have effects on the optimal posture of the mobile robot to compensate the slanted angle. Therefore the dynamics equations through physical interpretation are derived for the selection of optimum climbing posture through ARS. Also using the ultrasonic sensor the slope information is obtained to compensate for the force of gravity. The control inputs are dynamically adjusted to climb up the slanted surface effectively. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated through the real experiments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2002.03a
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• pp.321-328
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• 2002

Various geosynthetics used as liners or the Protection layers are installed in the solid waste landfill. The interface shear strength between geosynthetics installed at the slope of the landfill is a very important variable for the safe design of bottom and cover systems in the solid waste landfill. The interface shear strengths between (1) Geomembrane(GM)/Geotexile(GT) and (2) Geomembrane(GM)/Geosynthetic Clay Liner(GCL) were estimated by a large direct shear test in this study and were evaluated by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Especially, this research is focused on the effect of water which exists between geosynthetics because interfaces become easily wet or hydrated by rain, leachate and groundwater beneath liners. The strength reduction at large displacement and the effects of the magnitude of normal stresses and GCL hydration methods also investigated. The test results showed that the interface shear strength and shear behavior varied depending upon the magnitude of normal stresses, water at the interface, and hydration methods. Summary of secant friction angles, which could be used as reference values at a site where similar geosynthetics are installed, together with normal stress and hydration condition are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.89-96
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to establish the algorithm for contamination criterion map based on the recent weather condition. Present criterion was established by the study on the countermeasure of salt contamination for electrical equipment. It did not represent recent weather condition. Therefore it is necessary to develop a contamination criterion map for assessment of contamination in design areas in Korea. To develop contamination criterion map of seashore areas, we used relational numerical formula based on past measurement data with the amount of rainfall, geomorphic variables(elevation slope, land use). These results are expected to be used as a reference material for design distribution facilities in seashore areas.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.81-90
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• 2007

Watershed topographical information is required in hydrologic analysis, supporting efficient hydrologic model operation and managing water resources. Watershed topographical data extraction systems based on desktop GIS are abundant these days placing burdens for spatial data processing on users. This paper describes development of a Web-based Geographic Information Systems that can delineate the Geum River sub-basins and extract watershed topographical data in real time. Through this system, users can obtain a watershed boundary by selecting outlet location and then extracting topographical data including watershed area, boundary length, average altitude, slope distribution about the elevation range with Web browsers. Moreover, the system provides watershed hydrological data including land use, soil types, soil drainage conditions, and NRCS(Natural Resources Conservation Service) curve number for hydrologic model operation through grid overlay technique. The system operability was evaluated with the hydrological data of WAMIS(Water Management Information System) with the government operation Web site as reference data.

• Journal of Wind Energy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 2018

Wind lidar application is increasing and its calibration method is required to use wind lidar as an alternative to the meteorological mast. A nacelle lidar calibration method is now being discussed in IEC 61400-50-3 (Wind energy generation systems - Part 50-3: Use of nacelle-mounted lidars for wind measurements), and the method is mainly based on the wind lidar beam line of sight (LOS) wind speed calibration suggested by DTU as DTU E-0020 (Calibrating Nacelle Lidars). In this paper, a LOS wind speed calibration method is introduced and a calibration example performed on Jeju island is presented. The results showed a slope of 1.011 and R2 of 0.997, which means that the LOS wind speed is highly correlated with the reference wind speed and is comparable. But LOS wind speed calibration requires a very long time due to its principle and environmental conditions, and a calibration method that can overcome this problem of uncontrollable environments needs to be developed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2004

It is important to select a risk based priority area for environmental policy formation and decision-making. We estimated the health risks and associated damage costs from exposure to fine particles and assigned priority areas for twenty -five districts in Seoul. In order to estimate the theoretical mortality incidence of the health risk, baseline risks were estimated from mortality rates in two low level areas of fine particles, Seocho Gu and Cheju city To estimate the damage cost from the risk estimates, we investigated and estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) for specific risk reduction. We assumed two different locations as the reference area, Cheju city as Scenario I and Seocho gu as Scenario II. From the results, the five districts, Kwangjin, Chungnang, Kangbuk, Nowon, and Kangnam, ranked high in the categories of both health risk and economic risk. Damage costs were over twenty billion won in each of these districts. As there are uncertainties in these results, the parameter values such as PM$_{2.5}$ level, dose -response slope factor, baseline risk, exposure population and WTP should be continuously validated and refined.d.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.spc3
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• pp.397-407
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• 2011

To understand the vertical structure of ocean currents from raw data observed by lowered-ADCP (LADCP), these data require post-processing. Data were processed using Krahman's version 10.8 processing software based on Matlab. It is estimated the influence of auxiliary data affecting the processed current structure. The bottom-tracked velocities and the GPS information significantly contribute the offset on reference velocities in the bottom layer and barotropic ones in the middle layer, respectively. Good quality data can be obtained when LADCP is least tilted in pitch and roll during observation. In situ application of LADCP to the (northward) volume transports of Kuroshio in the East China Sea proved to be 24.8. Sv (= $1{\times}10^6m^3s^{-1}$) in October 2007, and 28.2 Sv in June 2008, respectively. The volume transport is relatively large over the continental slope when compared to the shelf or the deep sea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 1979

There was much mass movement at many different mountain side of Peong Chang area in Kwangwon province by the influence of heavy rainfall through August/4 5, 1979. This study have done with the fact observed through the field survey and the information of the former researchers. The results are as follows; 1. Heavy rainfall area with more than 200mm per day and more than 60mm per hour as maximum rainfall during past 6 years, are distributed in the western side of the connecting line through Hoeng Seong, Weonju, Yeongdong, Muju, Namweon and Suncheon, and of the southern sea side of KeongsangNam-do. The heavy rain fan reason in the above area seems to be influenced by the mouktam range and moving direction of depression. 2. Peak point of heavy rainfall distribution always happen during the night time and seems to cause directly mass movement and serious damage. 3. Soil mass movement in Peongchang break out from the course sandy loam soil of granite group and the clay soil of lime stone and shale. Earth have moved along the surface of both bedrock or also the hardpan in case of the lime stone area. 4. Infiltration seems to be rapid on the both bedrock soil, the former is by the soil texture and the latter is by the crumb structure, high humus content and dense root system in surface soil. 5. Topographic pattern of mass movement spot is mostly the concave slope at the valley head or at the upper part of middle slope which run-off can easily come together from the surrounding slope. Soil profile of mass movement spot has wet soil in the lime stone area and loose or deep soil in the granite area. 6. Dominant slope degree of the soil mass movement site has steep slope, mostly, more than 25 degree and slope position that start mass movement is mostly in the range of the middle slope line to ridge line. 7. Vegetation status of soil mass movement area are mostly fire field agriculture area, it's abandoned grass land, young plantation made on the fire field poor forest of the erosion control site and non forest land composed mainly grass and shrubs. Very rare earth sliding can be found in the big tree stands but mostly from the thin soil site on the un-weatherd bed rock. 8. Dangerous condition of soil mass movement and land sliding seems to be estimated by the several environmental factors, namely, vegetation cover, slope degree, slope shape and position, bed rock and soil profile characteristics etc. 9. House break down are mostly happen on the following site, namely, colluvial cone and fan, talus, foot area of concave slope and small terrace or colluvial soil between valley and at the small river side Dangerous house from mass movement could be interpreted by the aerial photo with reference of the surrounding site condition of house and village in the mountain area 10. As a counter plan for the prevention of mass movement damage the technics of it's risk diagnosis and the field survey should be done, and the mass movement control of prevention should be started with the goverment support as soon as possible. The precautionary measures of house and village protection from mass movement damage should be made and executed and considered the protecting forest making around the house and village. 11. Dangerous or safety of house and village from mass movement and flood damage will be indentified and informed to the village people of mountain area through the forest extension work. 12. Clear cutting activity on the steep granite site, fire field making on the steep slope, house or village construction on the dangerous site and fuel collection in the eroded forest or the steep forest land should be surely prohibited When making the management plan the mass movement, soil erosion and flood problem will be concidered and also included the prevention method of disaster.