• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2017

It has been known that RA, one of major constituents of Perilla frutescens which has been used as a traditional folk remedy for sedation in oriental countries, shows the anxiolytic-like and sedative effects. This study was performed to know whether RA may enhance pentobarbital-induced sleep through ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid $(GABA)_A-ergic$ systems in rodents. RA (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced the locomotor activity in mice. RA decreased sleep latency and increased the total sleep time in pentobarbital (42 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced sleeping mice. RA also increased sleeping time and number of falling sleep mice after treatment with sub-hypnotic pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.). In electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, RA (2.0 mg/kg) not only decreased the counts of sleep/wake cycles and REM sleep, but also increased the total and NREM sleep in rats. The power density of NREM sleep showed the increase in ${\delta}-waves$ and the decrease in ${\alpha}-waves$. On the other hand, RA (0.1, 1.0 and $10{\mu}g/ml$) increased intracellular $Cl^-$ influx in the primary cultured hypothalamic cells of rats. RA (p.o.) increased the protein expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase ($GAD_{65/67}$) and $GABA_A$ receptors subunits except ${\beta}1$ subunit. In conclusion, RA augmented pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through $GABA_A-ergic$ transmission. Thus, it is suggested that RA may be useful for the treatment of insomnia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.198-210
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• 1999

This study is to investigate sleep patterns of rheumatoid arthritis patients through a survey research. The subjects for this study were 97 patients registered in Hanyang University Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Center, and the period of data collection was from July 15, 1998 to August 30, 1998. The research instruments used in this study were the measures of sleep, pain, and fatigue, and SPSSWIN 8.0 Program was used for data analysis. The research results are as follows ; The patients went to bed between 11 and 12 p.m., but many of them found difficulty in falling asleep within 5 minutes. They woke up quite early at around 4 to 6 o'clock in the morning and remained in bed about 1 hour. Only 39 percent of the subjects reported satisfaction with their sleep. Fifty six percent of the subjects took a nap, generally did in the afternoon and 22.7 percent of them napped for half an hour. They suffered sleep disturbance, but their sleep environments were calm and comfortable, and they turn off the light when they went to sleep. As for the quality of sleep, over 50 percent of the subjects reported not being able to sleep deeply, 30 percent of the subjects woke up frequently during sleep, 60 percent experienced frequent arousal after sleep onset. Over 90 subjects slept for 6 to 8 hours. This shows that even though they had rheumatoid arthritis, the patients remained in bed for a sufficient period of time. They also reported waking up or turning frequently during sleep. The sense of fatigue from sleep disturbance scored a relatively high 35.84 points on average against the possible score of 64 points. Behavior for sleep promotion was very active. Sleep disturbance occurred in proportion to the sense of fatigue and pain, and was negatively correlated with quality of sleep. The pain had positive correlations with the illness duration, sleep disturbance and had a negative correlation with the quality of sleep.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the sleep characteristics between the prone and the supine position in healthy newborns. The 48 newborns were observed in the prone position and the supine position respectively on the 2nd day after birth. The data were collected from January to May, 1999. The state of a newborn was classified and categorized to 6 states (deep sleep. light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) by Barnard. The movements of eyes, face and extremities, pulse and arterial oxygen were observed and recorded continuously from the start of sleep after feeding until the time of being woken for the next feeding by a trained nurse The data was analyzed by using paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference in the length of sleeping time between the prone and the supine position. 2. There was no significant difference in the length and frequencies of each states(deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) between the prone and the supine position But the frequency of light sleep in the supine position was significantly higher than that of the prone position. 3 There was no significant difference In the numbers or eyes movements between the prone and the supine sleep position. But the amount of facial and extremity movement in the supine position was significantly higher than those in the prone position 4. There was no significant difference in the arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. 5. There was no significant difference in the heart rates between the prone and the supine sleep position. The above results indicated that the newborns in the prone Position moved less and slept deeper than those in the supine position. though there was no difference in the length of sleep or arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep Position. But. Nurses and mothers should consider the relationship between the sleep Position and SIDS suggested by previous researches. The infant's 'awakening' during sleep is a normal process and rather valuable because it can provide an opportunity to promote a stronger relationship between mother and baby. So, It is suggested that the supine sleep position is better than the prone sleep position for infants.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory study was to find a specific time of day with a stable cortisol level and to investigate the relationship between salivary cortisol and sleep. Methods: A total of 36 Korean female college students participated in the study. Salivary specimens were collected 6 times a day for 2 days in different stressful situations. Sleep characteristics were measured using an actigraph while salivary specimens were collected. Perceived stress was evaluated using the Global Assessment of Recent Stress. Results: Depending on whether there were morning peak and/or afternoon elevations in the cortisol levels, the type of diurnal cortisol pattern was classified into 4 types. None of the cortisol levels in different times of the day showed significant relationships to perceived stress levels. Cortisol levels in the morning, levels of peak cortisol and diurnal differences of cortisol were significantly correlated with sleep duration. The time with most stable cortisol level was 9-10 pm. Conclusion: It is recommended that measurements of salivary cortisol are taken from 9-10 pm since it showed a stable value regardless of diurnal cortisol rhythm and sleep. Sleep duration should be considered as an important confounding factor in measuring cortisol levels in the morning and the diurnal differences of cortisol.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.265-273
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the children's sleeping patterns, such as the sleeping hours and the nature of sleep disruptions following hospitalization and its accompanying factors. The data were collected from December, 1997 to March, 1998 using a questionnaire developed by researchers. The subjects were 76 children in a hospital. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The average sleeping hours (sleep duration) at night were 10 hours and 10 minutes and 9 hours and 9 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). The average sleeping hours in the day time were 1 hour 28 minutes and 2 hours and 26 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). 2. The mean bed time(sleep onset) was 10: 22 pm and 10 : 28 pm before and after hospitalization respectively. There was no significant difference. 3. The mean hour of rising(sleep termination) was 7: 54 am 7 : 08 am before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). 4. The mean number of sleep disruption was 0.72 and 1.94 before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). The sleep disruptions were influenced by crying of other children(53.9%), lights(28.9), nursing procedures(18.4%), noise of TV(17.l%) and noise of visitors (15.8%).

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.305-315
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among depression, sleep patterns and health promoting behavior in female college students. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of 350 college students. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaires from November to December of 2004. The data was analyzed via the SPSS computer program by using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: There are significant differences and impacts on depression according to the amount of coffee consumed, the time spent on computer and the amount of smoke inhaled. Sleep patterns differ depending on one's college major, the time spent on computer, and the amount of smoke inhaled. Health promotion behavior was shown to be significantly different according to the living style, college major and how much TV was watched The mean scores for depression, sleep patterns, health promoting behavior were 1.45 (on a 3 points scale), 2.71 (on a 4 points scale), and 3.03 (on a 5 point scale), respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between sleep patterns and health promoting behavior, and there was negative correlation between depression and health promoting behavior, and between depression and sleep patterns in college students. Conclusion: The findings of this study give useful information to create further studies on intervention programs related to health promoting behavior for college female students.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.19-28
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• 2008

Purpose : The objective of this study was to determine efficacy of sleep-dependent motor learning. Methods : This is a literature study with books and internet. We searched the PubMed, Science Direct, KISS and DBpia. Key words were Sleep-dependent, motor learning, RAM and LTP. Results : Procedural memory, like declarative memory, undergoes a slow, time-dependent period of consolidation. A process has recently been described wherein performance on some procedural task improves with the mere passage of time and has been termed "enhancement". Some studies have reported that the consolidation/enhancement of perceptual and motor skill is dependent on sleep. Specially, rapid-eye-movement(REM) sleep seems to benefit procedural aspects of memory. Conclusion : Motor learning is very important for CNS injury patients. And also distribution of practice sessions is important because REM sleep is to benefit procedural aspects of memory consolidation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1833-1842
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to identify sleep-promoting substance from Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome extract (PSE) with the regulation of sleep architecture. PSE showed a decrease in sleep latency time and an increase in the sleeping time. In the electroencephalography analysis of rats, PSE (150 mg/kg) showed an increase of non-rapid eye movement by 38% and a decrease of rapid eye movement by 31% compared to the control. This sleep-promoting activity was found to be involved in the $GABA_A$-BDZ receptor. The chemical structure of the pure compound was determined by the $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis; active compound was glyceryl-1-monolinoleate. The commercial standard glyceryl-1-monolinoleate showed a similar inhibitory concentration on [$^3H$]-flumazenil binding to $GABA_A$-BDZ receptors with final active fraction of PSE. The results indicate that glyceryl-1-monolinoleate is a major active compound responsible for the PSE-derived sleep promotion.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2009

Relatively little is known about the neurobiology of insomnia, despite its wide prevalence and broad medical impact. Although much is still to be learned about the pathophysiology of the disorder, identification, systematic assessment, and appropriate treatment are clearly beneficial to patients. Recent research, using quantitative EEG, polysomnography (PSG), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and neuroimaging techniques, suggests that some broad areas can be identified as possible pathophysiological models. Sleep-wake homeostat model hypothesizes a failure in homeostatic regulation of sleep, an attenuated increase in sleep drive with time awake, and/or defective sensing of sleep need. Circadian clock model hypothesizes a dysfunctional circadian clock, resulting in changes in the timing of sleep-wake propensity that are incompatible with normal sleep. Intrinsic sleep-wake state mechanism model suggests that abnormal function of insomnia comprises the systems responsible for expression of the sleep states themselves. Extrinsic over-ride mechanism (stress-response) model suggests that insomnia reflects the consequences of overactivity of one of the systems considered "extrinsic" to normal sleep-wake control. Many current therapies for insomnia are based on these physiological models. Several attempts have been made to create a physiological model that would explain this disorder and could be used as a foundation for treatment. However, it appeared that no model can fully explain and clarify all aspects of insomnia. Future research should be necessary to expand our knowledge on the biological dimensions of insomnia.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.404-409
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• 2005

This study is to investigate effects of thermal conditions on sleep. Five female university students participated in the sleep experiment. Three temperature levels (22, 26, and $30^{\circ}C$) were given, and relative humidity was maintained to $50\%$. When as subject arrived in the chamber at 9 o'clock in the evening, questionnaire was given to check physical and psychological conditions. After checking conditions, subjects went to bed till 07 : 30 in the morning. Body movement was checked during sleeping. After sleep in the chamber, questionnaire was given to the subject in order to check sleep quality. Subjects evaluated sleep quality by themselves by answering the time they fall asleep and wake up, frequency of wake during sleep, causes of each waking, and feeling after sleep. Sleep quality was rated with 7-point scale. At $30^{\circ}C$ condition, body movement was significantly higher than of other thermal conditions. The best sleep quality was obtained at the $26^{\circ}C$ condition, while the worst sleep was taken at the $30^{\circ}C$ condition.