• 수면정신생리
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2019

Anger is a multi-dimensional concept ranging from feeling irritable to violent aggression. A growing body of literature suggests the relevance of sleep in regard to anger. The current study aims to review previous studies on the association between anger and diverse aspects of sleep including sleep disruption, chronotype, sleep disorders and sleep deprivation. An association between sleep and anger has been observed starting in the early stage of life, with sleep of infants or toddlers affecting emotional and behavioral aspects of anger. However, the association between anger and sleep is not clear in adolescents and might be due to the effects of psychosocial factors on both sleep and anger during adolescence. Subjective but not objective sleep disturbances of adults have been also associated with anger. Evening types showed more anger, which might be mediated by psychological characteristics or social jet lag of evening people. Increased anger has also been found in those with insomnia, sleep apnea, or experimental sleep-deprivation. Previous studies have reported that diverse sleep disturbances are related to anger. Future study assessing the various sleep or circadian indices and considering the multidimensional aspects of anger are needed.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

렘수면 의존성' 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증(REMOSA)에 대한 연구는 일반적인 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증(OSAS)에 대한 연구에 비해 지난 10여 년 동안 활발한 편이 아니었으며, 그 중요성 역시 간과되어 왔다. REM-OSA가 남자에서보다 여자에서 좀 더 흔히 일어난다고 보고한 연구들은 있었으나, 아직까지 여자 환자군을 대상으로 한 연구는 없었다. 따라서, 이 연구에서는 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 여자 환자군을 대상으로 하여 렘수면 의존성 무호흡증군(REM-OSA)을 렘수면 의존성이 없는 무호흡증군(SND-OSA)과 비교 연구하여 이 질환의 특성에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 10월부터 2006년 2월까지 서울대학교 병원 수면의학센터에서 야간 수면다원검사를 시행하여 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증으로 진단을 받은(AHI>5 ; AHI：apneahypopnea index) 여자 환자 53명중 비교 연구를 위해 경도(52와 AHI-NR<15(AHI-R : AHI during REM sleep, AHI-NR : AHI during non-REM sleep)을 동시에 만족하도록 기준을 설정하였고, 렘수면에 의존하지 않는 무호흡증환자(SND-OSA)군과 제반 변인들에 관해 비교 분석을 하였다. 그리고 산술적인 진단을 적용한 환자군과 육안판독으로 진단한 환자군도 비교하였다. 결 과 : 총 44명 중 산술적인 진단기준을 통해 REMOSA로 진단된 환자는 28명(63.6%), 육안 판독으로 진단된 환자는 24명(54.5%)이었다. 산술적 진단기준에 따른 REM-OSA군과 SND-OSA군 비교에서 두 군간에 저호흡지수, 무호흡-저호흡지수, 비렘수면 무호흡-저호흡지수, 총 수면시간, 총각성시간, 수면효율, 1단계 수면 분율, 2단계 수면 분율, 렘수면 단계 분율, REM 잠복시간에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이(p<0.05)가 있었다. 진단에 관여하는 변인인 무호흡-저호흡지수 비율(AHI-R/AHI-NR)에 영향을 주는 변인은 렘수면 단계 분율(B=0.537, p=0.002)이었으며, REM-OSA는 중증도가 경할수록(${\chi}^2=13.117$, p<0.001), 렘수면 단계 분율이 클수록(${\chi}^2=13.325$, p=0.001) 더 흔하게 진단되었다. 그리고, 산술적인 진단기준으로 REM-OSA를 진단한 결과와 육안 판독으로 진단한 결과 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.157). 결론 : 이 연구에서 살펴본 바로는 REM-OSA 환자군과 SND-OSA 환자군 간에 야간 수면다원검사로 산출한 수면 변인과 수면 구조의 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이 연구는 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 여자 환자군을 대상으로 REM-OSA를 국내외 최초로 분석한 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.343-351
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to investigate the influencing factors on the sleep quality in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. This study intended to find out the improving measures of sleep quality in orthodontic patients. Methods : The subjects were 222 orthodontic patients in Busan. A self-reported questionnaire was filled out by the patients from June to August, 2012. Data were analyzed by SAS version 9.20 including frequency analysis, ANOVA, t-test, multiple regression analysis, and Duncan post-hoc test. Results : The quality of sleep in the patients at the initial stage of orthodontic treatment was influenced by ceramic orthodontic appliances, tooth extraction, Bite adjustment, disturbed sleep habits, and temporomandibular joint pain. Conclusions : The most important factors influencing on the sleep quality were the anxiety toward the treatment and tooth extraction at the initial stage of treatment. A more careful conversation and collaboration are needed in the orthodontic treatment.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.392-403
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• 2023

This study presents a new hybrid fNIRS-EEG system to meet the demand for a lightweight and low-cost sleep pattern monitoring device. For multiple-channel configuration, a six-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) and a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system with eight photodiodes (PD) and four dual-wavelength LEDs are designed. To enhance the convenience of signal measurement, the device is miniaturized into a patch-like form, enabling simultaneous measurement on the forehead. Due to its fully integrated functionality, the developed system is advantageous for performing sleep stage classification with high-temporal and spatial resolution data. This can be realized by utilizing a two-dimensional (2D) brain activation map based on the concentration changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin during sleep stage transitions. For the system verification, the phantom model with known optical properties was tested at first, and then the sleep experiment for a human subject was conducted. The experimental results show that the developed system qualifies as a portable hybrid fNIRS-EEG sleep pattern monitoring device.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2007

Existent researches about indoor thermal environment have been focused on to seek human's comfort in daytime. Also researches about thermal comfort during the sleeping time that is important for resting and recharging to modern people have been seldom existed. At present, as global warming phenomenon is being continued, most people are going through inconvenience by sultriness during the sleeping hours in sweltering summer night. Therefore we need another control method of an air conditioner to keep human's thermal comfort. Ambient temperature is a common factor of the environment, but analysis of its effect on human body physiology is still unknown. The effect of ambient temperature on human sleep has been increasingly studied in the last decade. This research investigated about optimal indoor temperature to maintain proper skin temperature and comfortable sleep when indoor air is cooled by an air conditioner in sweltering summer night.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2001

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a blind source separation method using unsupervised learning and mutual information theory created in the late eighties and developed in the nineties. It has already succeeded in separating eye movement artifacts from human scalp EEG recording. Several characteristic sleep waves such as sleep spindle, K-complex, and positive occipital sharp transient of sleep (POSTS) can be recorded during sleep EEG recording. They are used as stage determining factors of sleep staging and might be reflections of unknown neural sources during sleep. We applied the ICA method to sleep EEG for sleep waves separation. Eighteen channel scalp longitudinal bipolar montage was used for the EEG recording. With the sampling rate of 256Hz, digital EEG data were converted into 18 by n matrix which was used as a original data matrix X. Independent source matrix U (18 by n) was obtained by independent component analysis method ($U=W{\timex}X$, where W is an 18 by 18 matrix obtained by ICA procedures). ICA was applied to the original EEG containing sleep spindle, K-complex, and POSTS. Among the 18 independent components, those containing characteristic shape of sleep waves could be identified. Each independent component was reconstructed into original montage by the product of inverse matrix of W (inv(W)) and U. The reconstructed EEG might be a separation of sleep waves without other components of original EEG matrix X. This result (might) demonstrates that characteristic sleep waves may be separated from original EEG of unknown mixed neural origins by the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) method.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.395-397
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• 1997

We have applied the neural network method for the neural networkmethod for the automatic scoring of the sleep stage. 17 features are extracted from the recorded EEG, EOG and EMG signals. These features are inputed to tile multilayer perceptron model. Neural network was trained with error-back propagation method. Results are compared with manual scoring of the experts, and show the possibility of application of automatic method in sleep stage scoring.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

Purpose: The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical characteristics and polysomnographic results of patients visited the Seoul National University Dental Hospital (SNUDH) and to suggest guidelines for the management of sleep disordered-breathing patients in a dental clinic. Methods: Five hundred sixty-two patients who visited the Snoring and Sleep Apnea Clinic of SNUDH were evaluated for clinical characteristics including associated comorbidities, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, and daytime sleepiness and among them 217 patients were performed nocturnal polysomnography for evaluating respiratory disturbance index, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen saturation levels, and sleep stages. The associations among clinical characteristics, sleep parameters, and positional and rapid eye movement (REM) dependencies of the patients were analyzed. Results: The most common co-morbidities of the patients were cardiovascular (30.2%), endocrine (10.8%), and respiratory diseases (7.9%). Age (${\beta}=0.394$), total AHI (${\beta}=0.223$), and lowest $O_2$ saturation levels (${\beta}=0.205$) were significantly associated with the number of co-morbidities in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Mean $O_2$ saturation was not significantly associated with number of co-morbidities. Non-positional OSA patients had higher BMI, longer neck circumferences, more severe AHI values, and lower mean and lowest $O_2$ saturation levels compared to positional OSA patients. Not-REM-related patients were older and had more severe AHI values compared to REM-related patients. Not-REM-related patients have longer duration of stage I sleep and shorter stage II, III, and REM sleep than REM-related patients. There were no significant differences in each sleep stage between positional and non-positional patients. Neck circumference, positional dependency, REM dependency, and percentage of supine position were significantly associated with severity of OSA. Conclusions: Age, total AHI, and lowest $O_2$ saturation level were significantly associated with the number of co-morbidities in patients with OSA. Neck circumference, positional dependency, REM dependency, and percentage of supine position were significantly associated with severity of OSA.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2010

자율신경계는 불수의적 활동 기능을 조절해 주는 신경계통으로, 자율신경계의 활성 정도를 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 심박 변이도가 이용된다. 그러나 심박 변이도는 환경 변화나 심리 상태의 변화 등에 민감하게 반응하며, 자세와 수면 박탈에 의해서도 심박 변이도가 달라질 수 있다. 특히 전자파 자원자 연구에서는 자각 증상 및 인지 여부에 의한 수면 박탈로 심박 변이도가 달라질 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자세에 따른 수면 박탈 횟수와 심박 변이도를 30분간 6 stage에서 측정하였고, 앉은 자세와 누운 자세에서 측정된 심박 변이도를 비교하여 앉은 자세나 누운 자세에서 심박 변이도를 측정하는 실험에 어떠한 자세가 적합한지 결정하고자 하였다. 심박 변이도 분석은 전력 스펙트럼을 이용한 주파수 영역에서의 LF (low frequency) / HF(high frequency)를 이용하였고, stage 1을 100%로 하여 개인 및 성별에 따른 초기 LF/HF 차이를 상쇄시켜 주었다. LF/HF 증가는 교감 신경의 활성 증가를 나타내고 감소는 교감 신경의 활성 감소를 나타낸다. 교차 분석 결과 수면 박탈은 자세의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며 (p=0.002), LF/HF에 대하여 자세만을 변수로 고려하였다. 앉은 자세에서 수면 박탈 횟수는 모든 stage에서 누운 자세보다 유의하게 적었다 (p<0.05). 자세는 LF/HF에 유의한 영향을 끼쳤으며 (p=0.033), 앉은 자세에서는 stage 1과 비교하여 LF/HF가 stage 4, 5, 6에서 유의하게 증가하였고 (p<0.05), 누운 자세에서는 stage 1과 비교하여 모든 stage에서 LF/HF가 유의하게 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 따라서 앉은 자세가 누운 자세보다 수면 박탈 횟수가 적고 LF/HF 변화가 작기 때문에 피험자가 깨어 있어야 하는 심박 변이도 측정 실험에 있어서 더 적합한 자세라고 사료된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2005

목 적：본 연구에서는 일차성 불면증으로 진단받은 환자들과 대조군 사이의 주간 졸림증 정도를 비교하고 불면증 환자에서의 주간 졸림증과 야간 수면다원검사에서 산출한 수면 변인 사이의 상관관계를 평가해 보고자 하였다. 방 법：서울대학교병원 수면 클리닉에서 일차성 불면증으로 진단받은 환자 87명과 88명의 대조군을 대상으로 하였다. 한국판 엡워스 졸림증 척도로 두 군의 주관적인 주간 졸림증을 평가하여 비교하였고 불면증 환자군에서 야간수면다원검사상의 수면변인과 엡워스 졸림증 척도 사이의 상관관계를 평가하였다. 결 과：불면증 환자군(남자 43명, 여자 44명; 평균연령 $50.7{\pm}11.9$)의 엡워스 졸림증 척도가 대조군(남자 43명, 여자 45명; 평균연령 $52.0{\pm}14.0$)에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 연령을 통제하였을 때, 불면증 환자군의 엡워스 졸림증척도 점수는 수면변인 중 총 수면시간(total sleep time, min), 수면 효율(sleep efficiency%), 2단계 수면 분율(stage 2 sleep time%)과 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였다(각각 r=-0.232, p=0.034; r=-0.215, p=0.049; r=-0.349, p=0.001). 또한, 수면 중 각성 횟수(number of awakenings), 수면 중 2분 이상 각성한 횟수(number of awakenings>2 mins), 수면 중 각성시간(wake after sleep onset, min)과는 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(각각 r=0.412, p=0.000; r=0.473, p=0.000; r=0.367, p=0.001). 불면증 환자군의 엡워스 졸림증 척도는 수면 잠복기(sleep latency, min), 1단계 수면 분율(stage 1 sleep time%), 서파 수면분율(slow wave sleep time%), 렘수면 분율(REM sleep time%)과 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 결 론：본 연구에서 불면증 환자는 대조군에 비해 주간 졸림증 정도가 더 낮았으며, 불면증 환자의 주간 졸림증은 수면의 양적 질적 저하와 연관되어 있었다.