• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.46-60
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• 2023

Slaughterhouse blood is a by-product of animal slaughter that can be a good source of animal protein. This research purposed to examine the functional qualities of the blood plasma from Hanwoo cattle, black goat, and their hydrolysates. Part of the plasma was hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzymes (Bacillus protease, papain, thermolysin, elastase, and α-chymotrypsin) to yield bioactive peptides under optimum conditions. The levels of hydrolysates were evaluated by 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antioxidant, metal-chelating, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties of intact blood plasma and selected hydrolysates were investigated. Accordingly, two plasma hydrolysates by protease (pH 6.5/55℃/3 h) and thermolysin (pH 7.5/37℃/3-6 h) were selected for analysis of their functional properties. In the oil model system, only goat blood plasma had lower levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than the control. The diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was higher in cattle and goat plasma than in proteolytic hydrolysates. Ironchelating activities increased after proteolytic degradation except for protease-treated cattle blood. Copper-chelating activity was excellent in all test samples except for the original bovine plasma. As for ACE inhibition, only non-hydrolyzed goat plasma and its hydrolysates by thermolysin showed ACE inhibitory activity (9.86±5.03% and 21.77±3.74%). In conclusion, goat plasma without hydrolyzation and its hydrolysates can be a good source of bioactive compounds with functional characteristics, whereas cattle plasma has a relatively low value. Further studies on the molecular structure of these compounds are needed with more suitable enzyme combinations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.984-991
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• 2006

Effects of spent composts of selenium-enriched mushroom (Se-SMC) on plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and selenium (Se) deposition in finishing Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers were investigated. Twenty-five Hanwoo steers (average body weight = 613 kg, average age = 22 months) were allotted to treatments in five groups of five steers per pen for 12 weeks preceding slaughter. Treatments were SMC alone (CON; 0.1 ppm Se), 0.3 ppm (0.3 Se-SMC), 0.6 ppm (0.6 Se-SMC), 0.9 ppm (0.9 Se-SMC), and 0.9 ppm (sodium selenite; SENI) Se. During the experimental period, blood samples were taken to analyze Se concentrations and GSH-Px activities. Muscle and liver samples were collected for analyses of Se contents after slaughter. Dry matter intake and body weight gain were not affected by Se-SMC or sodium selenite supplementation. Selenium concentration in the whole blood and GSH-Px activity in plasma were linearly increased (p<0.01) with increasing levels of Se-SMC. The whole blood Se concentration of SENI treatment was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of CON treatment from 4 weeks, whereas there was no significant difference in GSH-Px activities between both treatments at 8 and 12 weeks. Selenium content in the hind leg and liver increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of Se-SMC, but those of SENI treatments were not significantly different from CON treatments. These results suggested that Se in the Se-SMC was highly bioavailable to blood and tissues of ruminants, especially compared with Se in the sodium selenite. Therefore, Se-SMC might be used not only as an inexpensive way of providing Se for ruminants but also as another way of producing Se-fortified beef.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 2017

Objectives: Q fever is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide; however, little is known about its prevalence in South Korea. We attempted to determine the prevalence of Q fever seroreactivity among Korean slaughterhouse workers and the risk factors for seroreactivity according to the type of work. Methods: The study was conducted among 1503 workers at a total of 73 slaughterhouses and 62 residual-product disposal plants. During the study period, sites were visited and surveys were administered to employees involved in slaughterhouse work, and serological tests were performed on blood samples by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Serological samples were grouped by job classification into those of slaughter workers, residual-product handlers, inspectors and inspection assistants, and grading testers and testing assistants. Employee risk factors were analyzed according to the type of work. Results: Out of 1481 study subjects who provided a blood sample, 151 (10.2%) showed reactive antibodies. When these results were analyzed in accordance with the type of work, the result of slaughter workers (11.3%) was similar to the result of residual-product handlers (11.4%), and the result of inspectors and assistants (5.3%) was similar to the result of grading testers and assistants (5.4%). Among those who answered in the affirmative to the survey question, "Has there been frequent contact between cattle blood and your mouth while working?" the proportions were 13.4 and 4.6%, respectively, and this was identified as a risk factor that significantly varied between job categories among slaughterhouse workers. Conclusions: This study found a Q fever seroreactivity rate of 10.2% for slaughterhouse workers, who are known to be a high-risk population. Contact with cattle blood around the mouth while working was the differential risk factor between job categories among slaughterhouse workers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the effects of MgSO₄ supplement on meat quality and serum stress hormones concentrations in late finishing pigs. Sixty castrated Landrace pigs (average weight±S.D., 106.5±8.9 kg) were assigned to a control diet (without MgSO₄ supplement) and diet with MgSO₄(10 g/kg diet) supplemented. Pigs had free access to diets and water during five-day feeding period. At the end of feeding experiment, pigs were fasted for 16 hours and transported to commercial slaughter plant (30-minute transportation distance). After 2-hour lairage time, pigs were slaughtered, and blood samples were collected at bleeding procedure of slaughter. Pigs fed the diet with MgSO₄ supplement had higher (p<0.05) serum magnesium concentrations than those in pigs fed a control diet. Serum adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol concentrations determined at slaughter were not significantly different between dietary groups. Carcass temperature, pH at 24h post- slaughter, drip loss and color characteristics were not influenced (p>0.05) by short-term supplement of MgSO₄. Pigs fed the diet supplemented with MgSO₄ diet had lower PSE incidence (23.3%) compared to pigs fed the control diet (33%). These results indicate that short-term supplement of dietary MgSO₄ in late finishing pigs may not be beneficial in improving pork quality, and further study needs to assess feeding regime of magnesium supplement.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.239-253
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• 2005

Serum concentrations of Hanwoo steers and bulls as possible indicators of beef quality were analyzed to estimate their correlations with carcass traits. Blood samples were taken 2 months and right before shipping to abattoir and at the time of slaughter. And phenotypic correlation coefficients between serum concentrations and carcass traits were estimated. Beef yield index of steers was positively correlated with serum concentrations of total Protein (0.23), albumin (0.26), and calcium (0.31). But it was negatively co..elated with BUN (-0.30). Loin eye area was positively correlated with BUN (0.17) or with globulin (0.16). Back fat thickness was positively correlated with BUN (0.42) and inorganic phosphorus (0.20) being negatively correlated with total protein (-0.23), albumin (-0.33) and calcium (-0.33). Marbling score in the scale of 1 (scarcely marbled) through 9 (extremely marbled) was positively correlated with BUN (0.28) and negatively with IGF-I and calcium concentrations. Phenotype correlation coefficient of loin eye area with total protein concentration in the serum taken from steers right before shipment was estimated to be -0.16 and that with BUN was estimated to be -0.15. Serum concentrations of IGF, glucose, creatinine and on organic phosphorus from steers measured right before shipment were negatively correlated with respective correlation coefficient estimates as -0.21, -0.21, -0.19 and -0.18. Marbling score was negatively co..elated with serum creatinine (-0.16) measured at that time. Beef yield index of steers was positively correlated (0.31) with age adjusted calcium concentration in the serum taken at the time of slaughter. Correlation between body weight and BUN at slaughter was 0.17 At slaughter, loin eye area was negatively correlated with albumin (-0.19) and back fat thickness was also negatively correlated with age adjusted calcium concentration (-0.38). Marbling was negatively correlated with age adjusted calcium concentration(-0.17). Serum concentrations of testosterone, calcium and inorganic phosphorus taken in 2 months before slaughter were negatively but highly correlated with yield index(0.71, 0.67 and -0.71), respectively. Body weight at slaughter was positively was negatively correlated (0.67) with calcium level while dressing percentage was negatively (-0.69) correlated with serum glucose concentration, 2 months prior to slaughter. Correlation coefficients between back fat thickness and cortisol, between back fat thickness and inorganic phosphate were both positive (0.29 and 0.69). Marbling score was negatively correlated with creatinine (-0.81) and positively with BUN (0.87). Body weight loss during shipping was positively correlated with albumin and inorganic phosphate (0.77, 0.83). Yield index of bulls was positively correlated with serum testosterone concentration (0.66). Dressing percentage was positively and highly correlated with globulin (0.73). Back fat thickness of bulls, however, was negatively correlated with testosterone (-0.60). Loin eye area of bull carcasses was positively correlated with testosterone (0.40). Mar-blaine was negatively co..elated with creatinine (-0.55). Yield index of bulls and age adjusted HDLC concentration at slaughter was negatively correlated (-0.71). Dressing percentage of bulls was positively and highly correlated with globulin concentration (0.70). Back fat thickness was also positively correlated with HDLC (0.69) in the serum taken at slaughter. Correlation coefficients between carcass weight and triglyceride, between loin eye are and testosterone and between marbling score and creatinine or glucose were 0.51, -0.91 and -0.58, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1294-1299
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• 2012

A total of 96 pigs ($49.23{\pm}3.20$ kg) were used in an 11 wk growth trial to evaluate the effect of fermentable carbohydrate (FC) content on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrient, blood profile, and meat quality. The dietary treatments were: i) negative control (NC), basal diet, ii) positive control (PC), NC+antibiotics (positive control diet with 5 ppm flavomycin), iii) PCL, PC-13% lower FC, and iv) NCL, NC-13% lower FC. The growth performance (average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain/feed) didn't differ among treatments through the whole experiment. These pigs fed the PCL diet had the greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter than those from PC and NC treatment at the end of the experiment. No differences were observed in white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and lymphocyte concentration among different treatments. After the feeding period, meat samples were collected from the pigs at slaughter. The pigs in NCL and PCL treatments had greater (p<0.05) backfat thickness and lower lean percentage. The color value of loin was higher (p<0.05) in NCL treatment compared to PCL treatment. Also, the NCL treatment had higher (p<0.05) marbling value than PC treatment. The drip loss was depressed by PCL and NCL treatment comapared to NC treatments. The water holding capacity (WHC) was higher (p<0.05) in NC and PCL treatment. In conclusion, the low FC can improve digestibility and meat quality of finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1253-1260
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• 2017

Objective: Purpose was to determine the effects of grazing system and floor type on concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight and carcass characteristics of castrated Nguni goats. Methods: Forty eight, 7 month old goats were randomly allocated to herding and tethering treatments from 0800 to 1300 hours and accommodated on slatted and earth floors daily. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture every fifteenth day for metabolite analysis. Slaughter was done at a commercial abattoir following 5 months of monitoring. Results: Tethered goats had significantly higher concentrations of urea (5.19 mmol/L) (p<0.001), creatinine ($55.87{\mu}mol/L$) (p<0.05), total protein (64.60 g/L) (p<0.01), and globulin (49.79 g/L) (p<0.001), whereas herded goats had higher glucose (3.38 mmol/L) (p<0.001), albumin (15.33 g/L) (p<0.05), albumin/globulin ratio (0.34) (p<0.01), and body weight (24.87 kg) (p<0.001). Slatted floors caused higher (p<0.01) albumin at 15.37 g/L. The interaction of grazing system and floor type affected creatinine, total protein, globulin at (p<0.01) and albumen/globulin ratio at (p<0.01). The least creatinine concentration and albumin/globulin ratio was in herded and tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors, respectively. The highest total protein and globulin concentrations were in serum of tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors. The highest (p<0.05) dressing percentage (45.26%) was in herded goats accommodated on slatted floors. Conclusion: Herding of goats lowered globulin concentration, improved estimated feed intake, blood glucose and albumin concentrations, albumin globulin ratio, increased body weights and weight related carcass characteristics. Floor type had very little effects on metabolites where earth floors only reduced albumin concentration. Tethering and housing goats on earth floors resulted in double stress that increased chronic infections.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2011

One hundred and forty-four cross-bred market pigs weighing approximately 110 kg were randomly divided into four groups in a 2 (handling stress; minimal vs stimulated) ${\times}$ 2 (transport vehicle type; enclosed box vs conventional open) factorial arrangement of treatments. The stimulated handling stress group received overally rough handling including electric prod stimulation during loading, transport and lairage at least once at each step. All the animals received 3-h lairage prior to slaughter. Blood and longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) samples were taken at slaughter and after overnight chilling of the carcass, respectively. Plasma concentrations of stress indicators glucose, cortisol, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were greater in the stimulated vs minimal handling stress group. There were no interactions between the handling stress and transport vehicle type in their effects on these blood variables. The incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) carcass and drip loss of LM, 24-h postmortem LM pH and color including the lightness and redness were not affected by the handling stress and transport vehicle type. In conclusion, results suggest that rough handling inflicts a stimulated stress on the animal, which is manifested by increased blood concentrations of stress indicators, and therefore should be avoided for animal welfare.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.239-246
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• 2016

The prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in native Korean goats in Jeonbuk province was investigated using ELISA (sera) and PCR (vaginal mucus). A total of 798 blood samples from 189 farms were collected in 2013 and 2015. Seroprevalence was 13.6% in 2013 and 15.7% in 2015. Tracking survey of six seropositive farms on the prevalence of C. burnetii was conducted. 137 (41.4%) out of 331 goats were seropositive and 47 (17.6%) out of 267 goats were positive in PCR. The higher seropositivity observed in adult goats and female goats significantly, the seroprevalence of C. burnetii was higher as age increased (<1 y=13.2%~${\geq}5$ y=100%)(P<0.05) and female goats (44.8%) was higher than male goats (24.1%) on the seroprevalence (P<0.05). 21 (7.9%) goats positive in PCR was seronegative. The prevalence of C. burnetii in native Korean goats in slaughter house was 30.0% in ELISA and 11.5% in PCR. Significantly, female goats (62.8%) was higher than male goats (12.3%) on the seroprevalence (P<0.05). Based on these data, C. burnetii was easily exposed in domestic animals: native Korean goats-related areas such as farms and slaughter house.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.12
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• pp.30.1-30.11
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• 2018

Background: Recently, as production costs have been increasing owing to rising feed prices worldwide, shortening the age of slaughter has been recognized as a way to increase farm income. In Korea, the raising period for Hanwoo steers is over 31 months with the delay of weaning and castration stated as one of the reasons for the increase in the raising period. Thus far, studies on age of weaning and castration have been conducted individually, and there have been no studies on the combined effects of weaning and castration ages on the growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Weaning ages were calculated at 80 or 130 days of age, and castration ages were calculated at 90 days and 180 days of age. Calves were allocated to one of the four treatment groups: W80C90 (weaning at 80 days of age and castration at 90 days of age), W80C180, W130C90, and W130C180. Results: For the entire experimental period, weaning and castration ages did not significantly affect growth performance of Hanwoo steers. In addition, weaning and castration ages did not affect the overall yield and quality traits of carcass in Hanwoo steers. Conclusion: Weaning and castration ages had small effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. Therefore, the early weaning and castration ages are recommended to reduce the slaughter age without any negative effects on meat quality grade.