• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.145-154
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• 1999

A novel retinol derivative, polyethoxylated retinamide (Medimin A) was synthesized, as an anti-aging agent. Collagen synthesis, skin permeation, stability, and toxicity of Medimin A were evaluated and compared with those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. In vitro collagen synthesis was evaluated by quantitative assay of [$^3H$]-proline incorporation into collagenase sensitive protein in fibroblast cultures. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area: $1, 766{\;}\textrm{cm}^2$) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used The stabilities of retlnoids were evaluated at two different temperature ($25{\;}^{\circ}C$ and $40{\;}^{\circ}C$) and under UV in solubilized state and in OW emulsion. To estimate the safety, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, acute eye irritation and human patch test were performed The effect of Medimin A on collagen synthesis was similar to that of retinol. The skin permeability of Medimin A was higher than those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. The Medimin A was more stable than retinol and retinyl palmitate. Medimin A was nontoxic in various toxicological tests. These results suggest that Medimin A would be a good anti-aging agent for enhancing bioavailability and stability.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2016

Omega-3 rich fish oils are extremely labile, thus requiring control of oxidation and off flavor development. A recently proposed emulsification method, layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, was found to be a plausible method to enhance the characteristics of bioactive ingredients, especially lipids. The present work was designed to test the possibility of enhancing the uptake and utilization of omega-3 fatty acids present in fish oil. The bioavailability of nano-emulsified fish oil was monitored in terms of intestinal absorption as well as skin permeability by using the everted intestinal sac model and Franz cell model. The skin permeability and intestinal absorption characteristics was significantly improved by LbL emulsification with lecithin/chitosan/low methoxypectin. Multilayer encapsulation along with nano-emulsification can be a useful method to deliver biologically active lipids and related components, such as fish oil. The protective effect of this tool from lipid oxidation still needs to be verified.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

Chemicals for cosmetics, including skin, the skin absorbs some of the research in the field of science or pharmacy recently, about the environment and the health of the heightened interest in skin absorption. Many other human attributes and absorption evaluation studies are underway in various areas. This study were used rats and carried out to find out the effects of commercial permanent wave products to skin which are composed with thioglycolic acid and bases. Results were as follows. Permanent wave penetrated to 3 hours later with steady state in skins and was not significant changeable after 20hr later. In case of neutralizer with thioglycolic acid lag time and permeability coefficient in healthy skin were 3.32hr and $0.101{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, in old skin were 3.08hr and $0.117{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, and in wounded skin were 3.02hr and $0.166{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$. In conclusion, lag time and permeability coefficient in old skin and wounded skin were faster than healthy skin. In vivo, We were studied to general time and method of permanent wave. We found out that fine wrinkle and rash of skin were changeable in the case of treating with permanent wave drugs than normal skin.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2002

It is a great role that the character of man or woman could be distinguished by hair on the aspect of ornament. Hair will be support of beautifulness of human being in various permanent wave by many kinds of its drugs. Hair is based upon the skin which enroll the body of high living animals and have multiple membrane structure. This study used rat and the effects of commercial permanent wave products to skin which are composed with thioglycolic acid and bases. Results are as follows. Permanent wave penetrated to 4 hours later with steady state in skins and was not significant changeable after 20hr later. In case of neutralizer with thioglycolic acid lag time and permeability coefficient in healthy skin is 3.38hr and $0.094^{\mu}g/cm^{2}$ ${\cdot}$ hr, it old skin is 3.48hr and 0.129$^{\mu}g/cm^{2}$ ${\cdot}$ hr, and it wounded skin is 4.72hr and $0.158^{\mu}g/cm^{2}$ ${\cdot}$ hr. In conclusion, lag time and permeability coefficient in old skin and wounded skin are faster than healthy skin. In vivo which was studied by general time and method of permanent wave. We notified that fine rinkle and rash of skin were changeable in the case of treating with permanent wave drugs than normal skin. We can see even rash and eruption by the naked eye.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.360-368
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• 2013

Objectives: Phthalates are used in a large variety of products including as coatings of pharmaceutical tablets, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, emulsifying agents, and suspending agents. They have been the subject of great public concern in recent years. The extensive uses of this material have attracted attention and issues regarding its safety have been raised. Methods: In this study, three types of phthalate skin permeation were studied using matrixes such as ointments, creams and lotions in vitro. The absorption of phthalate diesters [Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-propyl phthalate (DPP) and Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DNPP)] using film former has been measured in vitro through rat skin. Epidermal membranes were set up in Franz diffusion cells and their permeability to PBS measured in order to establish the integrity of the skin before the phthalates were applied to the epidermal surface. Results: Absorption rates for each phthalate ester were determined and permeability assessment made to quantify any irreversible alterations in barrier function due to contact with the esters. Types of phthalate in vitro experimental results quickly appeared in the following order DMP > DPP ${\geq}$ DNPP. Conclusions: In the experimental results, lotion> cream> ointment, and the permeation rate of lotion with a great amount of moisture was the fastest. Skin permeation rate is generally influenced by the chemical characteristics of a given chemical, such as molecular weight and lipophilicity. As the esters became more lipophilic and less hydrophilic, the rate of absorption decreased.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2018

Artemisiae Capillaris Herba is a dried aerial part of Asteraceae capillaris Thunb.(Compositae), which has been used in Korean traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. It has a variety of pharmacological activities and has been evaluated for potential as an active ingredient in cosmeceutical products. In the cosmetics industry, animal experiments is besides the major concern of ethics, there are few more disadvantages of animal experimentation like demand of skilled manpower, time consuming protocols and high cost. Therefore, various alternatives to animal experiments have been proposed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skin permeation characteristics of chlorogenic acid and dimethyleculetin, which are constituent of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba by using Franz diffusion cell. As a result, skin permeability was characterized by flux(penetration rates) and $K_p$(permeability coefficient) value, chlorogenic acid had lower flux and $K_p$ than dimethylesculetin. According to the definitions of Marzulli, chlorogenic acid and dimethylesculetin would be classified as 'Moderate' and 'Very fast' respectively. In conclusion, skin permeation characteristics of chlorogenic acid and dimethylesculetin were confirmed through Franz diffusion cell, and suggests the direction of alternative method for skin permeation of natural compounds.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.326-333
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• 2018

In this study, we identified methods to improve heat stability and skin permeability of functional protein biopolymers, such as growth factors, enzymes, and peptides. The biopolymers participate in cellular activation and catalytic functions in vivo. Therefore, when applied to cosmetics, their efficacies are expected to be helpful for skin care. However, they have disadvantages that include instability to heat and low skin permeability due to their high molecular weight. To overcome these problems, we searched for a composition that increases heat stability. Stability was improved using a polymeric humectant having a long polyethylene glycol length, compared with a mono-molecular structure humectant. Next, to enhance skin permeation, a permeation enhancing peptide was selected from a phage library. The permeation enhancing peptide can be commonly used to promote the permeation of growth factors, enzymes, and peptides. Screening was performed on the polymeric humectant formulation. One dominant peptide from the modified-screening method was identified. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the permeability of the peptide was better than that of the peptide developed through a screening system based on phosphate-buffered saline. The data indicate that the polymeric humectant formulation will be helpful for increasing the heat stability of protein ingredients and that skin permeability could be increased by a formulation-specific, penetration-enhancing peptide.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.279-289
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• 2013

The most critical factor in developing coalbed methane(CBM) reservoir is absolute permeability. Both productivity and economics of the CBM depend on the absolute permeability. The methods to estimate it are core analysis and well test. However, absolute permeability determined by core analysis cannot be a good representative of CBM reservoir. Therefore, it is generally estimated by well test. In this study, well test methods applicable of CBM reservoir were classified with their characteristics. Merits and demerits of each well tests were also analyzed. Based on those parameters, design considerations and procedures of well test were derived. After each well tests was performed, the procedure of well test interpretations to estimate reservoir properties such as absolute permeability and skin factor was presented.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.534-540
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• 2002

To develop novel transdermal formulation for aceclofenac, microemulsion was prepared for increasing its skin permeability. Based on solubiity and phase studies, oil and surfactant was selected and composition was determined. Microemulsion was spontaneously prepared by mixing ingredients and the physicochemical properties such was investigated. The mean diameters of microemulsion were approximately 90 nm and the system was physically stable at room temperature at least for 3 months. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo performance of microemulsion formulation was evaluated. Aceclofenac was released from microemulsion in acidic aqueous medium, and dissolved amounts of aceclofenac was approximately 30% after 240 min. Skin permeation of aceclofenac from microemulsion formulation was higher than that of cream. Following transdermal application of aceclofenac preparation to delayed onset muscle soreness, serum creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced by aceclofenac. Aceclofenac in microemulsion was more potent than cream in the alleviation of muscle pain. Therefore, the microemulsion formulation of aceclofenac appear to be a reasonable transdermal delivery system of the drug with enhanced skin permeability and efficacy for the treatment of muscle damage.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.595-604
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• 2021

With the advantages of high permeability and strength, pervious concrete piles can be suitable for ground improvement with high water content and low bearing capacity. By comparing the strength and permeability of pervious concrete with different aggregate sizes (3-5 mm and 4-6 mm) and porosities (20%, 25%, 30% and 35%), the recommended aggregate size (3-5 mm) and porosity (30%) can be achieved. The model tests of the pervious concrete piles in soft soil (silt and clay) foundations were conducted to evaluate the bearing characteristics, results show that, for the higher consolidation efficiency of the silty foundation, the bearing capacity of the silty foundation is 16% higher, and the pile-soil stress ratio is smaller. But when it is the ultimate load for the piles, they will penetrate into the underlying layer, which reduces the pile-soil stress ratios. With higher skin friction of the pile in the silty foundation, the pile penetration is smaller, so the decrease of the pile axial force can be less. For the difference in consolidation efficiency, the skin friction of pile in silt is more affected by the effective stress of soil, while the skin friction of pile in clay is more affected by the lateral stress. When the load reaches 4400 N, the skin friction of the pile in the silty foundation is about 35% higher than that of the clay foundation.