• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2010

The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of human in contact with a wide variety of substances. Despite this importance of irritation test, little is known with respect to the irritation potency of lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which has been known to cause phototoxicity with an abnormal reaction of the skin. Thus, to investigate the tendency of lomefloxacin to cause eye and skin irritation, we carried out in vitro eye irritation test using Balb/c 3T3, and in vitro skin irritation test using $KeraSkin^{TM}$ human skin model system. 3T3 neutral red uptake assay has been proposed as a potential replacement alternative for the Draize Eye irritation test. In this study, the $IC_{50}$ value obtained for lomefloxacin was 375 ${\mu}g$. According to the classification model used for determining in vitro categories, lomefloxacin was classified as moderately irritant. For evaluation of skin irritation, engineered epidermal equivalents ($KeraSkin^{TM}$) were subjected to 10 and 25 mg of lomefloxacin for 15 minutes. Tissue damage was assessed by tissue viability evaluation, and by the release of a pro-inflammatory mediator, interleukin- 1${\alpha}$. Lomefloxacin increased the interleukin-1${\alpha}$ release after 15 minutes of exposure and 42 hours of post incubation, although no decrease in viability was observed. Therefore, lomefloxacin is considered to be moderately irritant to skin and eye.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.562-567
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• 1994

Now para-phenylenediamine(PPDA) is generally used as component of most hairdyes because it can be used more conveniently and effectively than the others. But PPDA become known to cause side effects such as skin sensitization, contact dermatitis and eye irritation. So this study was done to restudy the safety of hairdyes containing PPDA. The results of experiment were as follows. 1. As a result of primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test in white rabbits, the solution containing 5% PPDA(in saline) were classified as weak irritant but four kinds of commercial hairdyes containing PPDA were proved not to have any irritation. 2. As a result of skin sensitization test in guinea pig, four kinds of commercial hairdyes were classified as Calss I(week irritant) but three kinds of commercial hairdyes induced skin sensitization for guinea pig to 5% in test groups. These results indicate that the actual toxicity of commercial hairdyes(four kinds) is negligible. But based on the results of experiment, it is thought that there is possibility of some commercial hairdyes to induce skin sensititization.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.212-216
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• 2011

In traditional medicines, Dansam-samul-tang and Samwhang-sasim-tang extracts were known to effects of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. To investigate the safety evaluation of skin, these extracts were measured to skin safety testing such as primary skin irritation test, eye irritation test and skin sensitization test. The results of the primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test in vitro showed that these extracts included in the nonirritating area. Skin sensitization test results by Guinea Pig Maximization (GPMA) indicated that there was no allergy reaction. Therefore, Dansam-samul-tang and Samwhang-sasim-tang extracts were very safe in every safety test of skin. These results suggests that Dansam-samul-tang and Samwhang- sasim-tang extracts in 1 % concentration can be useful cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 1972

Nine DETERGENT base materials have been examined in a series of in vivo and in vitro TESTS involving the use of HUMAn SKIN and various ANIMAL SKINS. Lack of agreement between the results from different tests was apparent and cautious approach to predictive SKIN-IRRITANCY testing with detergents is advocated.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.182-193
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• 2024

To address the limitations of animal testing, scientific research is increasingly focused on developing alternative testing methods. These alternative tests utilize cells or tissues derived from animals or humans for in vitro testing, as well as artificial tissues and organoids. In western countries, animal testing for cosmetics has been banned, leading to the adoption of artificial skin for toxicity evaluation, such as skin corrosion and irritation assessments. Standard guidelines for skin organoid technology becomes necessary to ensure consistent data and evaluation in replacing animal testing with in vitro methods. These guidelines encompass aspects such as cell sourcing, culture techniques, quality requirements and assessment, storage and preservation, and organoid-based assays.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-40
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• 2000

Cytotoxicity assays using artificial skins have been proposed as in vitro alternatives to minimize animal ocular and dermal irritation testing. Accordingly, the responses of artificial skins to the well-characterized chemical irritants toluene, glutaraldehyde, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and the nonirritant polyethylene glycol were studied. The evaluation of the irritating and non-irritating test chemicals was also compared with the responses observed in human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes grown in a monolayer culture. The responses monitored included an MTT mitochondrial functionality assay. In order to better understand the local mechanisms involved in skin damage and repair, the production of several mitogenic proinflammatory mediators, interleukin-l$\alpha$, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE, was also investigated. Dose-dependent increases in the levels of かIn and the HETEs were observed in the underlying medium of the skin systems exposed to the two skin irritants, glutaraldehyde and SLS. The results of the present study show that both human artificial skins can be used as efficient in vitro testing models for the evaluation of skin toxicity and for screening contact skin irritancy.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2010

The acute toxicity test of high bio-active plant essential oils was conducted with Lavender, Lemon eucalyptus and Cassia oils selected to develop environment-friendly insecticides. The results of acute oral toxicity using rats showed that $LD_{50}$ of over 2,000 mg/kg bw for Lavender, Lemon eucalyptus and Cassia oils. The calculated acute dermal $LD_{50}$ value of all testing materials was over 4,000 mg/kg bw. The Skin irritation test indicated that Lavender and Lemon eucalyptus oil have no irritation while Cassia oil has a moderate irritation. For the Eye Irritation test, the result showed no irritation for Lavender and Lemon Eucalyptus oil and irritation for Cassia oils. However, the irritation was not showed for Eye Irritationwashing test of Cassia oil. Consequently, the Lavender and Lemon eucalyptus oils were showed to be low in toxicity whereas Cassia oil indicated to cause a moderate irritation on the skin and eyes.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2013

Objectives: The OECD QSAR Application Toolbox was developed by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to facilitate the practical use of QSAR approaches in regulatory contexts as well as to reduce the need for additional animal testing. In this study, human health and the ecotoxicity of chemicals were predicted by applying the OECD QSAR Application Toolbox and the results were compared with experimental data in order to evaluate the applicability of this program. Methods: Read-across, trend analysis, and QSAR of OECD QSAR Application Toolbox were used for the prediction of toxicity. Results: The toxicity prediction was conducted on 6,354 chemicals for which toxicity data have been produced on the six endpoints of skin sensitization, skin irritation, eye irritation, mutagenicity, and acute toxicities of fish and Daphnia. From the total of 6,354, we obtained prediction results for 1,621 chemicals (25.5%). Conclusions: The predicted properties of mutagenicity, skin sensitization, and acute aquatic toxicities were reasonably good when compared with experimental data, but other endpoints were not due to the limitation of applicable chemical groups.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2011

Highly bio-active plant essential extracts and oils from pepper, clove bud, rosemary and origanum which are selected to develop environment-friendly insecticides was studied for their acute toxicity. The results of acute oral toxicity using rats showed $LD_{50}$ value of over 2,000 mg/kg bw for pepper, clove bud, rosemary and origanum oils. The calculated acute dermal $LD_{50}$ value of pepper was over 4,000 mg/kg bw and anther testing materials was over 4,000 mg/kg bw. The skin irritation test showed that pepper, clove bud and rosemary oils had no irritation while origanum oil had a moderate irritation. According to the eye irritation test, it showed that there was no irritation for pepper and rosemary oils, while there were irritation for clove bud and origanum oils. Consequently, pepper and rosemary oils were shown to be low in toxicity whereas clove bud oil was indicated to cause a mild eye irritability and origanum oil, causing a moderate skin and eye irritability.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2014

This paper surveys improvement characteristics in muscle fatigue with bio-activity material imbedded fabric. For this purpose, the subjects wear the garment which is covered by bio-activity materials all over every day during 2 weeks of experimental period. After 2 weeks period, VAS(Visual Analogue Scale) index evaluation regarding muscle fatigue and pain has been conducted in comparison between before wearing and after so that we can evaluate the effect on muscle fatigue improvement. The effectiveness survey for testing products consists of improvement on krunkle, muscle fatigue and exercise capacity. As a result, 100% of test subject group completes a questionnaire with positive answer as above normal in every question. In addition the preference of testing products is researched in wearing comfort, activity and convenience. And it is marked above normal by 100% of test subject group as well. Moreover any kind of unusual skin reaction has not been detected in safety evaluation. Therefore this testing products is being judged as a beneficent product for improvement on muscle fatigue without any skin irritation.