• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.401-410
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of heat therapy on cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature at pre-auricular region. Moist heat therapy and ultrasound therapy were applied to 20 healthy subjects(male: 10, female: 10). Cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature before and after heat therapy were measured with laser doppler flowmetry and thermocouple. The results were as follows ; 1. Cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were significantly increased after moist heat therapy and ultrasound therapy. 2. In application of moist heat therapy, cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were more increased and maintained longer than in ultrasound therapy. 3. Before heat therapy, cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were higher in male. 4. There was no significant gender difference in changes of cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature after heat therapy. In conclusion, both moist heat therapy and ultrasound therapy increased cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature significantly, and moist heat therapy was more effective to increase cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature and to maintain increased cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature. There was no significant gender difference in the effect of heat therapy on cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.63-74
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• 2000

This paper is to clarify a thermal physiological index that can account for the effects of local thermal environment. For this purpose two young female subjects exposing themselves to the above while sitting on a chair, sitting on the floor and lying on the floor were measured. These three representative postures accompanied the different contact surface areas, thereby the heat conduction rate between the floor and subject was quantitatively measured for each posture. It made the present study deal with the effect of heat conduction concerning the modified mean skin temperature and finally propose new weighting coefficients for the mean skin temperature calculation based on the Hardy & DuBois' formulas. In order to verify the proposed model, the experiment was carried out using a floor heating system. The comparison between the experimental result and prediction revealed that the proposed model should be about 10% more accurate than the conventional one in the case of lying on the floor which the heat conduction effect becomes important.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.113-125
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• 2019

The radish skin and radish greens are an edible part of the radish. But they are removed before eating the radish and used as a byproduct or an animal feed material because of their tough and rough texture. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supercritical heat-treated radish-extract on UV-induced HRM-2 wrinkled mouse animal model on anti-aging wrinkles. Supercritical heat-treated radish-extract was applied on the back of seven-weeks old HRM-2 mice. The effect of HRE on skin thickness, elasticity and wrinkle formation of the mice was observed by using UVB lamp to induce melanogenesis and wrinkle formation. As the result, increased depth of wrinkles was observed in the negative control group in comparison to the normal group. In contrast, decreased depth of wrinkles was observed in the radish-extract-free group compared to the negative control group. In the study of the effect of radish-extract on wrinkle-formation related gene expression and protein what protein expression, MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression significantly increased in the negative control group compared to the normal group. The gene expression reduced in dependence to the mass of radish-extract treated. Similar to quantitative results of mRNA expression, the expression of MMP-2 protein increased as a result of UVB-irradiation. The MMP-2 expression was inhibited in dependence to the mass of radish-extract treated. In conclusion, the supercritical heat-treated radish-extract has an effect on improving skin wrinkles not only when it is applied to the skin but also when orally ingested. Thus, it can be effectively used as a composition to health functional products. Therefore we can also conclude that radish a food that does not show any side-effects even upon long-term intake can reduce wrinkle formation as well as improve skin elasticity when taken regularly for a long period.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2012

To reduce the summertime cooling load of a plant factory, a concept design was performed for the double skin window which utilizes the low temperature air from a ground coupled heat exchanger. The design parameters were selected as the number of cavity air inlet, the cavity thickness, the location of cavity air inlet, and the configuration of cavity air outlet. A parametric study was conducted in a systematic way to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of the double skin window. As the number of cavity air inlet and the cavity thickness increase, the heat flux from outside air to indoor air was decreased. The effect of the location of cavity air inlet was not significant and the larger cavity air outlet area gave us relatively better heat blocking performance from outside hot air. This study demonstrated that it is possible to develop an improved double skin window by utilizing a ground coupled heat exchanger.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2022

For this purpose, the authors proposed and proved usefulness of the modified mean skin temperature which is integrated mean radiation temperature and the effect of floor contacted heat conduction. The mean radiation temperature is applied form factor between half cross-legged human body and surrounding wall of indoor. In addition the floor contacted heat conduction is applied heat transfer coefficient of half cross-legged human body. Eight Korean young men were targeted for the experiment. From the experiment the authors excerpted physiological reaction and psychological reaction in Ondol environment which is combined physiccal environmental factor of artificial climate chamber, air and floor temperature. As a result of the experiment it is confirmed that heat conduction has more impact than heat exchange from existing research for the heat exchange between half cross-legged human body and surrounding wall in Ondol thermal environment. Thereby, it is proved the effectiveness of the modified mean skin temperature which is added floor contacted temperature to the Ondol thermal environmental evaluation index.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1998

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mount of relief of human solar heat load and thermal comfort in outdoor environment in summer, Six different types of sites, T garden and its neighboring area in Japan, were selected as the experiment sites. The experiments were conducted from 22 to 29 August, 1994 to find the relationship between climatic conditions and human responses, Climatic conditions, subjects's thermal sensation and skin temperature were measured. Radiant heat exchange on the human body was estimated on the basis of the measured air and surface temperature and solar radiation. Thermal index Operative Temperature and New Effective Temperature was modified with the effect of the radiant heat exchange. Human thermal comfort and skin temperature is affected by the solar radiation and the sky factor in an outdoor environment. The effect of tree shade was verified on thermal comfort, The mount of relief of human solar heat load is relation to the existence of shade a solar radiation and the sky factor. The urban garden is one of the effective design element in an urban environmental planning.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.299-304
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of skin surface temperature on transdermal absorption of active substances and changes in skin condition. A transdermal absorption test was conducted using an emulsion containing 10% heat-resistant niacinamide, and the same emulsion was used in a clinical trial to test the thermal effects. As a result, absorption was found to be 2 times greater at 10 minutes and 3 times greater at 15 minutes after application at $42^{\circ}C$ than that of compared to normal skin temperature. During the clinical evaluation on skin, no clinical subjects showed any specific adverse reactions, while moisture and oiliness showed statistically significant effects at higher temperatures. Based on these results, it was confirmed that thermal warmer improves the absorption of active substances and had a positive effect on skin condition. It is deemed that this study will provide a preliminary data to support the development of various beauty devices using heat.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the superficial heat therapy on the cutaneous blood flow and the skin temperature at pre-auricular region. Two types of the superficial heat therapy-moist hot pack & infrared lamp- were applied to 20 healthy subjects(male: 10, female: 10). For each subject, the two parameters of cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were measured before and after heat therapy, using laser doppler flowmetry(LDF). The author analyzed the differences of the effects between the two therapies and also characteristics of responsiveness between the two parameters. The results were as follows : 1. The two parameters were significantly increased after both superficial heat therapies. 2. Skin temperature showed a maximum peak immediately after both superficial heat therapies, but cutaneous blood flow showed a maximum peak 4 minutes after both superficial heat therapies. 3. Increased cutaneous blood flow after application of moist hot pack lasted longer than infrared lamp. 4. Increased skin temperature after both superficial heat therapies lasted for 60 minutes, but increased skin temperature after infrared lamp decreased more rapidly than moist hot pack. 5. Amount of changes in cutaneous blood flow after infrared lamp was larger in female than in male, but no significant gender difference was found since 20 minutes after infrared lamp. Both moist hot pack and infrared lamp showed favorable effectiveness in raising cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature. Moist hot pack was slightly superior in maintaining this effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.669-676
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the improved cold tolerance resulting from cool clothing in winter on heat tolerance in summer. Ten healthy women were divided into two groups, cold group(C group) (n=5) and warm group(W group) (n=5) . In the previous study, C group was proved that their cold acclimatization was achieved through wearing cool clothing from September to February of the following year, while Wgroup was not proved because of wearing warm clothing during same period. After February, no more clothing training was continued in two groups. To determine the heat tolerance, both groups were exposed from a thermoneutral environment(25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H.) to a hot environment (35$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H.) before and after clothing training, respectively September in 1994 and truly in 1995. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, thermal sensation and comfort were measured every 10 min., and Os uptake was measured at 10, 45, 85 min. after entering the chamber for 5 min. Body weight was measured before and after the experiment and amount of local sweat was measured during the 90 min long experiment. The results are as follows: Rectal temperatures in 35'c environment of C group were increased after training when compared with before clothing, while those of W group were not changed. But the changes of rectal temperature and heat production during 90 min in hot environment were almost the same in two groups after training. And mean skin temperatures, the changes of mean skin temperatures during 90 min in hot environment, total sweat amount and local sweat amount after training were also the same in two groups. From these results, it might be supposed that the heat loss of two groups were the same but the heat production, especially heat production during rest in C group was higher than in Wgroup. This fact suggests that the increase of rest heat production from cold acclimatization in winter is maintained to summer of the following year. And mild cold acclimatization coming from westing cool clothing does not have a negative effect on heat tolerance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to clarify the floor temperature on the human body and to estimate thermal comfort zone in a heated room. In order to evaluate the effects of floor heating, a series of experiments were carried out using Korean subjects. The following experiments were conducted: 1) to obtain the effective radiation area and configuration factors of the person in the sitting posture on a floor to get the mean radiant temperature, 2) to measure contacted area of the person to the floor to calculate conduction heat rate, 3) to measure convective heat transfer coefficient of the body and 4) to know the thermal comfort zone of indoor environment heated by ON-DOL. Subjects were exposed to the following conditions: combinations of air temperature $20^{\circ}C$, $22.5^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and floor temperature $20^{\circ}C$, $22.5^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $27.5^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $32.5^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, $37.5^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$ under still air and 50% relative humidity in the controllable artificial climate chamber. To evaluate the effect of heat conduction between the body and a floor modified mean skin temperature was defined. Weighting coefficient to calculate mean skin temperature were modified with the contacted area. The experiments revealed a positive correlation between the modified operative temperature and the modified mean skin temperature. The modified mean skin temperature can indicate the effect of heat conduction between body and a floor surface.