• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2010

Retinoids have many beneficial effects on dermatological applications. But, retinoids cause skin irritation. In this study, the safety of retinoids was clarified via both primary skin irritation test in rabbits and sensitization study using an integrated model for the differentiation of chemical-induced allergic and irritant skin reaction (IMDS), an alternative method to sensitization test. The effects of retinoids on the change of ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human skin fibroblasts and the modulation of type-1 pN collagen synthesis in hairless mice were examined to clarify the anti-wrinkle effects. Alltrans retinol (t-ROL) and its derivative, all-trans retinoic acid (t-RA), showed mild skin irritation but did not induce the sensitization. t-ROL and t-RA exerted anti-wrinkle effects by inhibiting the UVA-induced MMP-1 in human skin fibroblasts and increasing the type-1 pN collagen synthesis in hairless mice. These findings suggest that retinoids do not induce the allergy, and show anti-wrinkle effects by decreasing MMP-1 activation and increasing collagen synthesis.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.303-314
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• 2002

The colors of apparel have become an important element to be used strategically in order to give differentiated character at the level of fiber and fabric production. The colors of apparel have a close relationship with the skin colors of consumers and their preference colors. This study was carried out to classify the skin colors of Korean elderly women into several similar skin colors and to analyse their preference colors. Sample size was 471 Korean elderly women. With color spectrometer, JX-777, we measured 4 points of the body; cheek with removing cosmetics off, forehead, rear neck and arm on the interior part near elbow. All subjects had been shown with 40 color chips and answered the preference colors of apparel and the preference colors. Data weirs analysed to classify skin colors using K-means Cluster Analysis and Duncan test. Independent variables for Cluster Analysis were 12 variables out of L value, a value and b value of 4 points. In doing so, we used SPSS WIN 10 statistical package. Findings were as follows: 1) The skin colors of the Korean elderly women were composed of skin colors of YR, R, and Y. 2) 355 subjects were classified into 4 kinds of skin color groups. 3) The average face color of type 1 was 6.7YR 5.1/4.3 and 56 observations out of 355 subjects were composed of Type 1 and of Type 2 was 6.1YR 6.1/4.5 and 166 observations out of 355 and of 3 Type 6. YR 4.8/4.2 and 75 observations out of 355 and of Type was 6.17 YR 5.7/4.7 and 58 observations out of 355. 4) The average skin color of Type 1 was 7.0YR 5.9/4.4 and of Type 2 was 7.2YR 6.3/4.2 and of Type 3 was 7.0YR 6.2/4.2 and of Type 4 was 7.6YR 5.4/4.2 respectively. 5) The mean values of 12 variables between the 4 classified face color and skin color groups showed significantly different except H value of skin color. 6) All 4 groups showed that the most preference color of apparel and the most preference color were 2.5R 5/14 respectively.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.447-457
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to prepare the adhesive type patch containing flurbiprofen, and to demonstrate the feasibility of flurbiprofen administration through the intact skin using adhesive type patch preparation. For this purpose, two pressure sensitive adhesives, Polyisobutylene(PIB) and $Gelva^{\circledR}737$, were selected from the chemical grade of polymers, and the adhesive type patches of flurbiprofen were prepared. The release rate of flurbiprofen from the PIB-based adhesive patch was higher than that from $Gelva^{\circledR}737$ based adhesive patch. The release rate of flurbiprofen from the PIB-based A-type patch with 1.0mm, 1.5mm or 2.0mm thicknesses followed the first order kinetics. In the skin permeation study, using male hairless mouse skin, a monophasic skin permeation profile was observed with 1% flurbiprofen loading dose. The inclusion of palmitic acid or SLS(0.25~0.5%) as an enhancer produced a remarkable enhancement in the skin permeation rate of flurbiprofen, and the percentile ratio of drug and enhancer appeared to be important for the effective enhancement. In the in vivo percutaneous absorption study, the plasma concentration of the optimal formulation was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the conventional cataplasma ($Bifen^{\circledR}$). These studies demonstrate a good feasibility of flurbiprofen administration through the intact skin using a transdermal patch, and show a possibility of the development of flurbiprofen patches.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.465-477
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• 2018

본 연구는 20-50대 여성 311명을 대상으로 피부인식이 세안제 구매행동 및 구매성향에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 피부인식을 중요도, 관심도, 만족도로, 구매성향을 충동구매형, 브랜드의존형, 계획구매형으로 하위요인을 구성하여 설문조사를 통하여 분석하였다. 피부인식에서 관심도가 높은 그룹이 세안시간이 길었으며 피부지식도가 낮은 그룹은 구매정보를 주변으로부터, 높은 그룹은 인터넷에서 얻는 것으로 나타났다. 구매성향에서 피부관심도가 높은 여성들은 충동구매형과 계획구매형 성향이 강하고 피부중요도가 높은 여성은 충동구매형 성향이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 피부 관심도, 중요도 인식이 세안제 구매행동 및 구매성향에 영향을 미치기 때문에 고객의 피부인식을 파악하여 세안제 마케팅에 적용하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.85-101
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study was the collection of dietary and external treatments of atopic dermatitis and it's classification according to physical type. Methods : The author conducted a literature and Internet search in data. Results : We collected the generally used dietary and external treatments. These collected treatments are classified according to the following oriental medical categories; thermic and wet skin type, thermic and dry skin type, chill and wet skin type and chill and dry skin type. conclusion : Wemust use these treatments pertinently according to physical type.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2003

This study is the first part of the research to reveal the effects of somatotype characteristics on body temperature control reaction as well as thermal sensation. Nine healthy female collegians (classified into 3 body types of thin, normal, and obese according to Rohrer index) living in Busan were chosen as the subjects. The following are the results: Significant differences of skin temperature appeared in the parts of epigastrium (thin/normal>obese), anterior forearm (normal>thin/obese), and anterior leg (obese > thin/normal) as well as mean skin temperature. Mean skin temperature temporarily dropped owing to the exercise but tended to recover as time went by. Skin temperature of normal/thin shows higher than obese type. The change of skin temperature was noticed in the order of forehead > epigastrium > anterior forearm > anterior leg > anterior thigh (obese type) ; epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior thigh > anterior leg (normal type) ; epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior thigh > anterior leg (thin type, before and after exercise); epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior leg > anterior thigh (thin type, during exercise). Significant differences were shown in the temperature change inside clothes according to somatotypes. No significant differences were revealed in thermal sensation, moisture sensation, and comfortable sensation according to body types and time.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2010

This study was performed to analyze the relationship among sebum hydration content of the skin and nutritional intake, serum antioxidant minerals and antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxide concentration in 50 female subjects in their 20s. The skin type was divided into Dry Skin, Mixed Skin, and Oily Skin, and the dry skin group was 14%, the mixed skin group was 56%, and the oily skin group was 30% of all subjects. The average age of the subjects was $20.54{\pm}1.43$ years and BMI was 20.66. The average sebum content in each group was in the order of T-zone>forehead>chin>cheek. In case of the T-zone, a significant difference between the dry skin group and the oily skin group was observed, suggesting that the area is most sensitive to sebum content by skin type. Significant differences were not observed in energy and nutrient intakes by skin type. Serum concentrations of antioxidant minerals such as copper, manganese, zinc and selenium were not significantly different among the groups, but the dry skin group tended to be higher than the oily skin group. Serum catalase was significantly higher in the oily skin group (P < 0.05), and MDA was significantly higher in the mixed skin group (P < 0.05). The hydration of the cheek and serum zinc showed a negative correlation, and the sebum content of the cheek and GPx showed a significant negative correlation. The hydration of the forehead and serum copper showed a significant negative correlation, and the hydration of the forehead and GPx showed a significant positive correlation. The hydration of the chin and serum SOD showed a significant positive correlation. With these results, it is considered that the basic condition of nutritional status can affect the skin health.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2004

Objectives: Sasang Constitutional Medicine is popularly appliedto treatment in Korea. Constitution is a holistic concept contained internal and external characteristics, and physical traits including ordinary symptoms. Skin is one of constitutional property elements. So we researched a correlation female facial skin and sasang constitution. This is a basic study to find constitution can be a major factor to care and manage skin. Methods: We examined sasang constitution and facial skin condition of 100 healthy women who aged from 30 to 59. Hydration and sebum of facial skin was measured by skin diagnostic instrument and skin type was calculated from the data. Keratin, pore size, acne, and brightness of face was measured by skin magnifying lens and subjective skin troubles in ordinary times was also investigated. Constitution diagnosis and Skin diagnosis was investigated separately as a blind test andthe data was statistically analyzed with chi-square test, Correlation analysis, One-way analysis of variance. Results: 1. In sasang constitution, Taeeumingroup bad significant tendencies of larger hydration and sebum amount, combination degree of forehead and cheek was also higher than other constitutions(p<0.05). 2. Facial skin type was significantly different according to Sasang Constitution, Soeumin and Soyangin had a tendency of dry skin comparatively, but Taeeumin had mainly a tendency of combination skin and secondly dry skin(p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no correlation between age and skin type. 3. In subjective skin trouble, Soeumin group had less acne trouble than Soyangin and Taeeumin group(p<0.1). Pore size trouble was more frequent in Soyangin group than Soeumin group(p<0.05). Keratin trouble was more frequent in Soeumin group than Soyangin and Taeumin group(p<0.1). Conclusions: Korean healthy women's skin condition was different according to sasang constitution.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.587-597
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• 2006

This study was performed in order to identify nutritional factors affecting on skin sebum content with 131 female university undergraduates in 2003. We measured the sebum contents of 4 facial spots to classify their skin types. Daily energy and nutrient intakes of the subjects were not deficient except in calcium and iron, which were 466.2 mg (66.6% RDA) and 8.5 mg (53.4% RDA) relatively. We observed no significant difference of energy and nutrient intakes among the 3 skin types. But significantly higher consumption of grains and slightly higher frequencies of several food groups (excepting starches) were shown in oily skin types, so they might have higher nutrient intakes. Serum indices and food preferences mostly revealed no difference among the 3 skin types. But in the oily skin type, serum phosphorus levels were significantly lower than others, suggesting phosphorus-rich food consumption like soft drinks and pains could lead to a dry skin type rather than an oily one. Also in the oily skin type, sweet taste preference was slightly tower than others; more-over, sweet intake was lower samely significantly. There was mostly no significant relationship between facial sebum contents and nutrient intakes, dietary behavior, food frequency and food preference except in some factors. Animal protein intake showed a significant negative relationship toward facial sebum content. On the other hand, in normal skin type, Fishes consumed was slightly higher than others, so that higher animal protein consumption presumably leads to normal skin type. Frequency of fried food and bacon and preference of fried foods showed slightly negative relationships toward facial sebum content. Regular meal times showed significantly increased facial sebum content.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2008

There are many different approaches to healing of acute and chronic ulcer and large skin defect, such as burn. Currently available wound covers fall into two categories. Permanent covering, such as autografts, and temporary ones, such as allograft including de-epidermized cadaver skin, bioartificial skin, xenografts, and synthetic dressings. Autologous skin grafting in the form of split- or full-thickness skin is still the good standard. Following on from developments in the 1980s involving the use of cultured keratinocyte grafts in wound healing, the last decade has been great progress in the fabrication of composite bioartificial skin grafts. However, two bottleneck on producing cultured bioartificial skin, whether of the simple epithelial cell sheet type, or the more complex composite type, continue to be the generation of sufficient keratinocytes cheaply and quickly and develop biocompatible dermal scaffolds. This article covers the development, clinical application, and current research directions associated with bioartificial skin.