• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.93-96
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• 2000

Background: Psoas compartment block with local anesthetics and corticosteroids is one of the treatments which provides long term analgesia of the lower back and anterior thigh unilaterally, and its technical easiness and safety allows blind application without C-arm guidance in the out-patient clinic. This study aimed to evaluate the mean of the depth from the skin to the psoas compartment, and its correlation to the following attributes: age, weight, height and PI (Ponderal Index). Methods: We investigated 28 patients who underwent psoas compartment block. All blocks were performed using Chayen's method (punctured at the point of 3 cm caudally and 5 cm laterally from the 4th lumbar vertebral spinous process) with a 22 G, 8 cm Tuohy needle under C-arm guidance. We recorded the depth from skin to the psoas compartment, height, weight and PI (weight (kg)/height (cm)$\times100$ (%)). Data were analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. The correlations between the depth and other attributes identified by p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean depths from skin to the psoas compartment were $6.02{\pm}0.28$ cm in men, $5.44{\pm}0.22$ cm in women. There is no significant correlation between the depth and other patient's attributes. Conclusions: The mean depths from skin to the psoas compartment may be one of the guide for psoas compartment block in outpatient clinics without C-arm guidance.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.563-572
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to suggest a new method to estimate the resistance by acupoint compositions by using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis(MF-BIA) of 5 kHz, 50 kHz and 200 kHz within 2 cm of acupoints as a local segment. Moreover, we try to confirm the relation to between measured resistance at skin surface and measured resistance by various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth. Methods : Ten male subjects participated in this study. We measured the resistance at left/right ST36 at skin surface and various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth(skin, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm). Results : It was also observed that the all measured resistances were the highest at 5 kHz and the lowest at 200 kHz. There were significant differences at 5 kHz, 50 kHz and 200 kHz between measured resistance at skin surface and measured resistance by various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the left and right identical acupoints under the identical condition(p>0.05). Conclusions : We conclude that the measured resistance at skin surface has limitation as to reflect the information of tissue. However, the measured resistance at each frequency was changed as similar pattern by different insertion depth. Hence, we confirmed the possibility of assumption on information of tissue which was expected to locate an acupoint.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1985

An experiment to investigate the rate of change of phase angle of eddy current output signal caused by outer surface defect of nonferromagnetic tube by variation of standard depth of penetration and variation of percent of tube wall penetration was carried out. The results of the experiment show that the phase angle of defect signal is increased with decreasing the standard depth of penetration or the depth of defect. The results also show that the phase angle is decreased with increasing the skin effect of eddy current, and that the resolution is decreased with decreasing the depth of defect.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1031-1043
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• 2013

영상에서 배경을 제거하고 손을 분리하는 기술은 손 인식 연구에서 가장 먼저 수행되는 기술이며, 분리된 결과 영상의 성능에 따라 이후의 인식 단계의 성능이 결정되는 중요한 기술이다. 기존의 연구는 조명 및 배경의 변화에 취약하거나 다수의 사용자와 상호작용에 한계가 있었다. 본 논문에서는 컬러 영상과 깊이 영상을 혼용하여 손을 분리하는 기술을 제안한다. 먼저 입력된 컬러 영상을 이용하여 복잡한 환경에서도 정확하게 영역 채움을 위한 초기 위치를 설정하였다. 이 위치를 기준으로 영역 채움 연산을 위한 한계 영역을 재설정하여 조명 변화로 침식된 영역을 포함하도록 하고, 깊이 영상에서 영역 채움 연산을 수행함으로써 조명과 환경의 변화에도 강인하게 손의 영역을 분리하도록 하였다. 또한, 이렇게 분리된 손의 영역을 이용하여 실시간으로 피부 모델을 학습함으로써 조명 환경에 적응적으로 피부 모델을 갱신하여 보다 강인한 인식 성능을 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 다양한 조명 및 배경 환경에서 기존의 알고리즘과 비교 실험을 수행하여 강인한 인식 성능을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 역광 환경과 같이 조명 변화가 극심한 환경에서 강인한 성능을 보여주었다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 일반 단일 시점의 축구 비디오를 스테레오스코픽 영상으로 변환하는 방법을 제안한다. 축구 비디오 분석 과정을 통하여 축구 비디오를 일정한 종류의 샷으로 분류하고, 분류된 샷 종류에 따른 깊이지도 생성 방법을 제안한다. 원거리 샷의 경우에는 운동장 영역 추출을 통하여 운동장 영역에 깊이기도 (Depth Map)을 생성하는 방법을 제안한다. 그리고 비 원거리 샷의 경우, 운동장 영역 블록 수와, 간단한 피부색 발견 알고리즘을 통해 생성한 스킨 블록의 수에 따라 다시 3가지로 샷을 분류하고, 각 종류의 샷에 따른 깊이지도 생성 방식 1) 오브젝트 영역 추출을 통한 깊이지도 생성, 2) 스킨 블록을 이용한 전경 영역 추출과 가우시안 함수를 이용한 깊이기도 생성, 그리고 3) 스킨블록이 없는 상황에서의 깊이기도 생성 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법을 통하여 생성한 깊이 지도를 이용하여, 스테레오스코픽 영상을 생성하는 방법을 소개하고, 생성한 실험영상을 결과로 제공한다. 그리고 주관적 깊이감 품질 평가를 통해서, 제안된 방법을 통해 생성된 영상이 원본 영상에 비해 깊이감이 향상됨을 증명한다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.235.1-235.1
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• 2002

In previous study, we showed the feasibility of the in vivo use of portable near infrared system for the determination of human skin moisture. In order to optimize the acquiring condition of NIR spectrum of skin. skin depth profiling was investigated changing the distance and gap size between illumination and receiving of radiation in the terminal of fiber probe. The colleted light information could be controlled depending the distance and gap of fiber optic probe. (omitted)

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the skin properties on the periorbital region and cheek of Korean female according to age pattern by 7year based on Sang Go Cheun Jin Ron (上古天眞論) in So Moon (素問,) Methods : 49 Korean females, aged 21-56 years ($39.54{\pm}10.04$ years) were participated in this study. We measured the skin properties of periorbital region and cheek with SkinTouch (Amorepacific, Korea). Skin moisture, sebum, elasticity, lightness, roughness, area of wrinkle, depth of wrinkle were assessed. Results : Differences were noticed depending on the site and age. The level of moisture was higher on the eyelid than crow's feet. The level of lightness and elasticity were lower on the periorbital region than cheek. Skin lightness was highest on group1(under 28y) and lowest on group5(over 49y). Skin roughness was highest on group1(under 28y) and lowest on group4(over 42y under 49y). The level of wrinkle are was lowest on group1(under 28y) and highest on group 5(over49y). The level of wrinkle depth was lowest on group1(under 28y) and highest on group 4(over 42y under 49y). Conclusion : Unique aging pattern by 7 years of female is reflected to diverse skin properties of eyes. It can be possible to apply the theory on Sang Go Cheun Jin Ron (上古天眞論) to practical use in dermatology and cosmetic.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2007

피부장벽 기능은 중요한 피부 기능 중 하나로 각질층과 표피층은 다른 피부층 보다 이러한 기능에 있어 큰 역할을 담당하고 있는 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 각질층은 표피 기저층에서부터 표피세포가 위층으로 올라오면서 분화의 과정을 거쳐 형성되게 된다. 이러한 분화 과정은 피부 표면에서 완성되게 되며 지속적으로 올라오는 새로운 각질로 대체되게 되어 건강한 방어막을 형성하게 된다. 본 연구는 tape stripping에 따른 깊이별 여러 인자들의 변화를 살펴봄으로써 각질층의 각 부분의 역할에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 피부 표면 수분량에 있어서는 각질층 중 위쪽에 위치하고 있는 uppermost stratum corneum (SC)가 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 수분증발을 막는 장벽으로써의 역할은 lower SC가 주로 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 일반적으로 pH는 각질의 산성 pH에서 표피 쪽으로 진행하면서 중성의 pH가 보여지는 것으로 보고되고 있는데 각질층만을 살펴봤을 경우, 아래층으로 내려가면서 오히려 다소 산도가 높아짐을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 tape stripping을 통한 각질량 분석에서는 stripping을 거듭할수록 채취되는 각질량도 감소되는 양상을 보여주었다. 본 연구를 통해 수 ${\sim}$ 수십 층으로 구성되는 각질층 중 윗부분은 수분량에, 아래 부분은 장벽으로서의 기능에 있어 역할을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었고 각질층의 깊이가 증가할수록 pH와 각질량은 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 각질층 내의 위치 차이에 따른 역할에 대한 결과를 통해 화장품 개발에 있어서 다양한 접근이 가능할 것으로 기대되어진다. 또한 본 연구를 통해 각질층도 그 위치에 따라 다른 역할을 담당하고 있음을 간접적으로 알 수 있었고 향후 이러한 점에 초점을 맞춘 특화된 각질 연구도 필요할 것으로 생각되어진다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2011

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the enhancing effect of iontophoresis method as it transdermally deliver methylene blue (MB) using visual examination, in terms of penetration depth and tissue distribution in the skin, and to determine the effect of application duration on the efficacy of iontophoresis. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-minute groups. These rats were exposed to either topical or anodic iontophoresis of 1% MB using a direct current of $0.5mA/cm^2$ for 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes. Using cryosections of rat tissues, the penetration depth of MB was measured using light microscopy. Results: Significant differences in the penetration depth (F=54.20, p<0.001) were detected among the four groups. Post hoc comparisons of the penetration depth of MB data pooled across groups showed no significant difference between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group, but did reveal a significant difference in the penetration depth between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group versus 10-minute group, between the 10-minute and 20-minute group, and between the 20-minute and 40-minute iontophoresis group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that iontophoresis enhances transdermal delivery of MB across stratum corneum of skin barrier by visual examination. Furthermore, the penetration depth of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of MB was dependent on the application duration. The duration of iontophoresis is one of the important factor in the efficacy of iontophoresis application.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2016

Background: In radiation therapy, estimation of surface doses is clinically important. This study aimed to obtain an analytical relationship to determine the skin surface dose, kerma and the depth of maximum dose, with energies of 6 and 18 megavoltage (MV). Materials and Methods: To obtain the dose on the surface of skin, using the relationship between dose and kerma and solving differential equations governing the two quantities, a general relationship of dose changes relative to the depth was obtained. By dosimetry all the standard square fields of $5cm{\times}5cm$ to $40cm{\times}40cm$, an equation similar to response to differential equations of the dose and kerma were fitted on the measurements for any field size and energy. Applying two conditions: a) equality of the area under dose distribution and kerma changes in versus depth in 6 and 18 MV, b) equality of the kerma and dose at $x=d_{max}$ and using these results, coefficients of the obtained analytical relationship were determined. By putting the depth of zero in the relation, amount of PDD and kerma on the surface of the skin, could be obtained. Results: Using the MATLAB software, an exponential binomial function with R-Square >0.9953 was determined for any field size and depth in two energy modes 6 and 18MV, the surface PDD and kerma was obtained and both of them increase due to the increase of the field, but they reduce due to increased energy and from the obtained relation, depth of maximum dose can be determined. Conclusions: Using this analytical formula, one can find the skin surface dose, kerma and thickness of the buildup region.