• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 1981

To study the calcification of second molars in skeletal class II malocclusion, the author examined cephalograms, orthopantomograms, periapical films of 391 children from 7y 0m to 15y 11 m years old who had skeletal class II malocclusion, and observed the difference in the calcification stage between upper and lower second molars. The result s are as follows. 1. The mean ages of crown completion of upper and lower second molars are $8.7{\pm}1.75$, $8.8{\pm}1.13$ in boys, and $8.4{\pm}0.81$, $8.5{\pm}0.91$ in girls. 2. The mean ages of root completion of upper and lower second molars are $14.0{\pm}1.09,\;14.5{\pm}0.52$ in boys, and $13.7{\pm}1.15,\;13.8{\pm}1.18$ in girls. 3. The calcification stages of upper second molars are more advanced than those of lower second molars at $5\%$ level in both sexes.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.982-994
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• 2001

Commercially available software packages permit to position human models of various geometries in practical scenarios while respecting the anatomical constraints of the skeletal joints and of the bulk of the bodies. Beyond such features, the PAM-Comfort(sup)TM software has been conceived to provide direct access to the muscular forces needed by humans to perform physical actions where muscle force is required. The PAM-Comfort(sup)TM human models are made of multi-body linked anatomical skeletons, equipped with finite elements of the relevant skeletal muscles. The hyper-static problem of determination of muscle forces is solved by optimisation technique. Voluntary stiffening of muscles can be added to the basic contraction levels needed to perform a specific task. The calculated muscle forces obey Hills model. The model and software have been applied in several interesting scenarios of various fields of application, such as car industry, handling of equipment and sports activities.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.479-483
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• 2013

The balance between osteoblast-dependent bone formation and osteoclast-dependent bone resorption maintains bone homeostasis. In inflammatory conditions, this balance shifts toward bone resorption, causing osteolytic bone lesions observed in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. A recently discovered family of cytokine IL-17 is widely reported to mediate diverse inflammatory processes. During the last decade, novel roles for IL-17 in skeletal homeostasis have been discovered indicating the potential importance of this cytokine in bone metabolism. This review will summarize and discuss the involvement of IL-17 during bone homeostasis in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. A better understanding of the role of IL-17 in skeletal systems warrants an advance in bone biology, as well as development of therapeutic strategies against bone-lytic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.456-464
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• 2008

Avian and mammalian skeletal muscles exhibit a remarkable ability to adjust to physiological stressors induced by growth, exercise, injury and disease. The process of muscle recovery following injury and myonuclear accretion during growth is attributed to a small population of satellite cells located beneath the basal lamina of the myofiber. Several metabolic factors contribute to the activation of satellite cells in response to stress mediated by illness, injury or aging. This review will describe the regenerative properties of satellite cells, the processes of satellite cell activation and highlight the potential role of satellite cells in skeletal muscle growth, tissue engineering and meat production.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1503-1510
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• 2014

Breast cancer bone metastasis causing severe morbidity is commonly encountered in daily clinical practice. It causes pain, pathologic fractures, spinal cord and other nerve compression syndromes and life threatening hypercalcemia. Breast cancer metastasizes to bone through complicated steps in which numerous molecules play roles. Metastatic cells disrupt normal bone turnover and create a vicious cycle to which treatment efforts should be directed. Bisphosphonates have been used safely for more than two decades. As a group they delay time to first skeletal related event and reduce pain, but do not prevent development of bone metastasis in patients with no bone metastasis, and also do not prolong survival. The receptor activator for nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ligand inhibitor denosumab delays time to first skeletal related event and reduces the skeletal morbidity rate. Radionuclides are another treatment option for bone pain. New targeted therapies and radionuclides are still under investigation. In this review we will focus on mechanisms of bone metastasis and its medical treatment in breast cancer patients.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2015

For the 2 years of farming, at the indoor circulating aquaculture system, four kinds of skeletal deformities were found among 60 Far Eastern catfish, Silurus asotus. Deformities saw jawbone's luxation, abnormality of upper lip and malocclusion. Spinal deformity was most fatal deformities with low weight and small length. Jawbone's luxation had 1 maxilla and 2 mandibles. Abnormality of upper lip had just lip was back over. Malocclusion's left maxilla and right maxilla were not balanced. This experiment was any deformities in this species through the deformity can grasp how it affects.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.42 no.1 s.416
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• pp.7-14
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• 2004

Molar extrusion is a quite common problem in prosthodontic patients. It is caused due to the loss or infraocclusion of opposing teeth. A more conservative approach than reduction of the coronal part of extruded tooth is to intrude the malaligned molar orthodontically. Several authors have presented the cases of molar intrusion, by cither removable or fixed appliances. However, the design of those appliances was complex so that many teeth were included as an anchorage unit. This increased the patient's discomfort inevitably. Moreover, the results could be unpredictable. Instead of these conventional methods, skeletal anchorage has been suggested for ideal force system to intrude a molar without any side effects. Many recent clinical reports presented the cases using microscrew or miniplate as a direct anchorage, which included some limitation. The purpose of this report is to introduce the indirect skeletal anchorage for intrusion of extruded maxillary molar.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.736-745
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• 1996

The conventional treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion has been focused on application of orthopedic force primarily to the mandible. However, In Class III malocclusion with retrograde position or underdevelopment of Maxilla, this approach is not suitable treatment. These patients need an application of orthopedic forces via face-mask to the Maxilla to stimulate its growth and to change the direction of growth. In skeletal Class III patients who were treated by Face-Mask, the following results were obtained. 1. Forward growth of Maxilla was enhanced. 2. Labioversion of upper incisors and linguoversion of lower incisors were observed. 3. Mandible was rotated to clockwise direction and remodeling of B point was observed. 4. Anterior crossbite was corrected by combining of the above results.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.81-97
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors which cause the differences in the percentage of anterior overbite in spite of normal molar relationship in terms of skeletal, dental and dentoalveolar relations. The models and cephalograms taken from 154 subjects, 89 of shallow overbite and 65 of deep overbite ranging from 18 to 29 years of age were studied and analyzed statistically. The results were as follows. 1. In determining the percentage of anterior overbite, the significant differences were higher in the dental and dentoalveolar factors than in the skeletal factors and were higher in the proportional and angular measurements than in linear measurements. 2. The factor which had the greatest influence on the percentage of anterior overbite was the proportional parts of the dental and dentoalveolar heights. 3. The most influencing factor which determined the percentage of anterior overbite was the SN-MP angle among the skeletal factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.16-23
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• 2016

In this study, skeletal mechanisms are produced by directed relation graph with specified threshold value and sensitivity analysis based on species database from the directed relation graph. Skeletal mechanism is optimized through the elimination of unimportant reaction steps by computational singular perturbation importance index. Reduction is performed for the detailed mechanism of methyl butanoate consisting of 264 species and 1219 elementary reactions. Validation shows acceptable agreement for auto-ignition delays in wide parametric ranges of pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. Methyl butanoate has been proposed as a simple biodiesel surrogate although the alkyl chain consists of four carbon atoms. The resulting surrogate mechanism for n-heptane and MB consists of 76 species and 226 reaction steps including those for NOx.