• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.3584-3602
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• 2022

NFV realizes flexible and rapid software deployment and management of network functions in the cloud network, and provides network services in the form of chained virtual network functions (VNFs). However, using VNFs to provide quality guaranteed services is still a challenge because of the inherent difficulty in intelligently scaling VNFs to handle traffic fluctuations. Most existing works scale VNFs with fixed-capacity instances, that is they take instances of the same size and determine a suitable deployment location without considering the cloud network resource distribution. This paper proposes a traffic forecasted assisted proactive VNF scaling approach, and it adopts the instance capacity adaptive to the node resource. We first model the VNF scaling as integer quadratic programming and then propose a proactive adaptive VNF scaling (PAVS) approach. The approach employs an efficient traffic forecasting method based on LSTM to predict the upcoming traffic demands. With the obtained traffic demands, we design a resource-aware new VNF instance deployment algorithm to scale out under-provisioning VNFs and a redundant VNF instance management mechanism to scale in over-provisioning VNFs. Trace-driven simulation demonstrates that our proposed approach can respond to traffic fluctuation in advance and reduce the total cost significantly.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2011

Hydrodynamic similarity was analyzed by employing scaling factor in three phase fluidized beds. The scaling factor was defined based on the holdups of gas, liquid and solid particles and effectivity volumetric flux of fluids between the two kinds of fluidized beds with different column diameter. The column diameter of one was 0.102 m and that of the other was 0.152 m. Filtered compressed air, tap water and glass bead of which density was 2,500 kg/$m^3$ were used as gas, liquid and solid phases, respectively. The individual phase holdups in three phase fluidized beds were determined by means of static pressure drop method. Effects of gas and liquid velocities and particle size on the scaling factors based on the holdups of each phase and effective volumetric flux of fluids were examined. The deviation of gas holdup between the two kinds of three phase fluidized beds decreased with increasing gas or liquid velocity but increased with increasing fluidized particle size. The deviation of liquid holdup between the two fluidized beds decreased with increasing gas or liquid velocity or size of fluidized solid particles. The deviation of solid holdup between the two fluidized beds increased with increasing gas velocity or particle size, however, decreased with increasing liquid velocity. The deviation of effective volumetric flux of fluids between the two fluidized beds decreased with increasing gas velocity or particle size, but increased with increasing liquid velocity. The scaling factor, which was defined in this study, could be effectively used to analyze the hydrodynamic similarity in three phase fluidized processes.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.211-224
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• 2018

In this paper, a predictive method accounting for the scaling effects of rockfill materials in the numerical deformation analysis of rockfill dams is developed. It aims to take into consideration the differences of engineering properties of rockfill materials between in situ and laboratory conditions in the deformation analysis. The developed method is based on the modification of model parameters used in the chosen material model, which is, in this study, an elasto-plastic model with double yield surfaces, i.e., the modified Hardening Soil model. Datasets of experimental tests are collected from previous studies, and a new dataset of the Nam Ngum 2 dam project for investigating the scaling effects of rockfill materials, including particle size, particle gradation and density, is obtained. To quantitatively consider the influence of particle gradation, the coarse-to-fine content (C/F) concept is proposed in this study. The simple relations between the model parameters and particle size, C/F and density are formulated, which enable us to predict the mechanical properties of prototype materials from laboratory tests. Subsequently, a 3D finite element analysis of the Nam Ngum 2 concrete face slab rockfill dam at the end of the construction stage is carried out using two sets of model parameters (1) based on the laboratory tests and (2) in accordance with the proposed method. Comparisons of the computed results with dam monitoring data indicate that the proposed method can provide a simple but effective framework to take account of the scaling effect in dam deformation analysis.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.675-684
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for Korean Scaling Fear (KSF)-1.1 in scaling patients. Methods : 402 sample size for scaling patients was studied in Daegu city in July and August of 2011. Mean and standard deviation was calculated in 3 dimensions(FWS: fear while scaling, DDH: distrust on dental hygienist, FAS: fear after scaling). Results : Age of 402 subjects was 36.5 years. In analyzing reliability for item-level, a range of correlation coefficient(${\alpha}$) on item-internal consistency(FWS, DDH, and FAS) was 0.58~0.88(${\alpha}$=0.90), 0.40~0.71(${\alpha}$=0.82), and 0.54~0.63(${\alpha}$=0.82), respectively. Floor(%) and ceiling(%) value on 3 dimensions were also 9.2% and 4.0%, 12.4% and 0.5%, and 17.7% and 1.2%, respectively, therefore, we found statistically high reliability for those(p<0.001). With explanatory factor analysis, this study could generate 3 dimensions(factor 1, eigenvalue 5.41, proportion 0.49; factor 2, eigenvalue 1.50, proportion 0.14; factor 3, eigenvalue 1.04, proportion 0.09) and 11 sub-scales. Also confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the KSF1.1 model was fitted very well in analysis of model fit($x^2$=112.94, df=41, p=0.000; goodness of fit index=0.95; adjusted goodness of fit index=0.92; root mean square residual=0.057). Conclusions : In conclusion, The findings of this study showed that developed reliable and valid instrument for measuring the KSF1.1 in the scaling patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.96-103
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• 2004

Sought a set of component performance lines from experiment data or some data supplied in the engine manufacturer to improve the traditional scaling method and suggested a map scaling method that construct component performance lines newly using polynomial equations of MATLAB program. In this study, applied technique that is proposed newly to PT6A-62 that verified technique that is proposed newly using experiment data of small. size turboshaft engine, and is actuality aircraft engine. In identification of the component maps of the turboprop engine, the simulated performance using the proposed scaling method was compared with the real engine performance data and the performance using the traditional scaling method.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.373-380
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• 2017

Amaryllis ($Hippeastrum{\times}johnsonii$) is commonly propagated by three methods: seeds, offset bulblets, and twin scaling. Since the number and size of bulblets produced by these methods are low, we conducted an experiment to evaluate different bulb cutting methods for propagation. For this purpose, bulbs (circumference of 30 - 35 cm) were sectioned or notched into 8, 12, or 16 segments or twin-scaled into 48, 72, or 96 segments for bulblet formation. Our results show that the largest number of bulblets was produced by the twin scaling method, but they take longer to grow to a final, commercial size. Sectioning and notching resulted in larger, but fewer bulblets than twin-scaling. Compared to notching, sectioning provided more space for the bulblets to grow, and is therefore the recommended method. While increasing the number of sections cut from a single bulb resulted in a larger number of bulblets, the diameter of the bulblets decreased. Therefore, sectioning the bulb into 8 segments was the best method for producing an acceptable number of vigorous bulblets.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3094-3097
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• 2009

The use of general-purpose divider is inevitable to implement a image down-scaler when an arbitrary scaling ratio is given. To get an output at every clock from the divider, the divider should be implemented by LUT, however, its hardware size will be bigger and bigger as the precision level is increased. In this paper, a new image scaling algorithm is presented for a arbitrary scaling ratio, which do not requires a general-purpose or LUT-based divider. The proposed algorithm utilizes only comparators and adders such that the hardware size can be reduced by 1/10 compared to the conventional approaches.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.161-166
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• 2008

In general structures, cleavage fracture may develop under the low constraint condition of larger scale yielding with a shallow surface crack. However, standard procedures for fracture toughness testing require very severe restrictions of specimen geometry. So the standard fracture toughness data makes the integrity assessment irrationally conservative. In this paper, cleavage fracture toughness tests have been made on side-grooved PCVN (precracked charpy V-notch) type specimens (10 by 10 by 55 mm) with varying crack depth, The constraint effects on the crack depth ratios are quantitatively evaluated by scaling model and Weibull stress method using 3-D finite clement method, After correction of constraint loss due to shallow crack depths, the statistical size effect are also corrected according to the standard ASTM E 1921 procedure, The results snowed a good agreement in the geometry correction regardless of the crack size, while some over-corrections were observed in the corrected values of $T_0$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.352-353
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• 2018

Many deep learning approaches are studied for face detection in these days. However, there is still a performance problem to run efficiently on devices with limited resources. Our method can enhance the detection speed by decreasing the number of scaling for detection methods that use many different scaling per image to detect the different size of faces. Also, we keep our deep learning model easy to implement and small as possible. Moreover, it can be used for other special object detection problems but not only for face detection.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.619-627
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• 2014

Distances or dissimilarities among units are assumed to be symmetric in most cases of multidimensional scaling(MDS); consequently, it is not an easy task to deal with asymmetric distances. Current asymmetric MDS still face difficulties in the interpretation of results. This study proposes a simpler asymmetric MDS that utilizes the order statistic of an asymmetric matrix. The proposed Web method demonstrates that some influences among objects are visualized by direction, size and shape of arrow to ease the interpretability of users.