• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2011

Deformities related with cleft lip are not only limited to the cleft site but also extended to all around the nasolabial region. Facial development is composed of several complex processes as the formation, migration, coalescence and interaction of separate fields. When there is a cleft event, it means there are general problems of those processes. As a result facial elements should have displacement, deformation and functional hypotrophy. These also affect the mucocutaneous structures, which result in the typical deformities of cleft lip. Traditional surgical methods are not sufficient of the correction of functional impairments in the cleft lip. Accordingly, there are relatively high possibilities of occurring secondary deformities. The Delaire's method focuses on repair of functional impairment of the cleft. Consequently, it can maintain the initial good surgical result and avoid the unnecessary incision scar. And this method can minimize secondary nasal deformities which can reduce the risk of additional nasal correction. Therefore authors introduce this advantageous the Delaire technique cheliolplasty which it can be widely used for the cleft lip correction in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.293-306
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• 2013

Hydrometeor type and Drop Size Distribution (DSD) in cloud are the fundamental properties that may help explain the rain formation processes and determine the parameters of radar meteorology. This study presents a preliminary analysis of hydrometeor types and DSD data of cloud measured with a PARSIVEL (PARticle SIze and VELocity) optical disdrometer at the site of Cloud Physics Observation System (CPOS, $37^{\circ}41^{\prime}N$, $128^{\circ}45^{\prime}E$, 843 m from sea level) in Daegwallyeong mountainside of Korea. The method has been validated by comparing the observed rainfall rates with the computed ones from the fitted distribution, using the physical data such as DSD, terminal velocity, and rain intensity which were measured by a Micro-Rain Radar (MRR) and a PARSIVEL optical disdrometer. The analysis period started in three cases: on rainy days with light rain (15.5 mm), moderate rain (76 mm), and heavy rain (121 mm), from March to November 2007, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 1995

In order to evaluate the distribution and behaviour of atmospheric particulate metals in high-altitude area, we collected 22 aerosol samples using a high volume air sampler at Soback Mt. Meteorological Observation Station from Jan. to Nov. 1993 and analysed for metals (Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) with ICP/AES and ICP/MS. Although sampling site is located in high-altitude and far from local sources of atmospheric pollutants, enrichments of metals are 2 times higher than those of western coastal reural area. This fact may imply that of metallic pollutants in the coastal rural site were came from further western side (e.g. China), atmospheric metals in this study area contain the signal of metropolitan cities located in the main wind direction (NNW). Sea salts are negligible in the aerosol particle population because reference elements of sea salts (Na, Mg) are all originated from soil particles. The contents of soil particles in aerosols are highest in spring and lowest in winter. Atmospheric enriched elements (Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) are diluted with soil particles, especially during the yellow sand period. The results of factor analysis suggest possibility of interpreting their chemical significance in terms of sources (soil, pollutants) and gas-particle conversion processes (formation of ammonium sulfates, ammonium nitrates and/or their mixtures).

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 2013

24-hr $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected from January 19 through February 27, 2009 at an urban site of Gwangju and analyzed to determine the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon(OC and EC), water-soluble OC(WSOC), eight ionic species($Na^+$, $NH^{4+}$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$), and 22 elemental species. Haze phenomena was observed during approximately 29%(10 times) of the whole sampling period(35 days), resulting in highly elevated concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and its chemical components. An Asian dust event was also observed, during which $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was 64.5 ${\mu}g/m^2$. Crustal materials during Asian dust event contributed 26.6% to the $PM_{2.5}$, while lowest contribution(5.1%) was from the haze events. OC/EC and WSOC/OC ratios were found to be higher during haze days than during other sampling days, reflecting an enhanced secondary organic aerosol production under the haze conditions. For an Asian dust event, enhanced concentrations of OC and secondary inorganic components were also found, suggesting the further atmospheric processing of precursor gases during transport of air mass to the sampling site. Correlations among WSOC, EC, ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and primary and secondary OC fractions, which were predicted from EC tracer method, suggests that the observed WSOC could be formed from similar formation processes as those of secondary organic aerosol, ${NO_3}^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$. Results from principal component analysis indicate also that the observed WSOC was strongly associated with formation routes of the secondary organic and inorganic aerosols.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.630-633
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• 2003

Transfer of an electron from one site to another in a molecular or between molecules and/or electrodes is one of the most fundamental and ubiquitous processes in chemistry, biology and physics. In this study fusion proteins composed by green fluorescent protein(GFP) and cytochrome b562 were used in fabricating molecular array as an electron sensitizer and electron acceptor, Protein formation onto the substrate was performed by the self-assembly technique. The fusion protein film were analyzed using scanning probe microscope(SPM), Surface Plasmon Resornance(SPR) and hybrid STM/I-V. The results suggest that the proposed molecular photodiode can be used as a basic unit of the memory device.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.58.2-58.2
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• 2010

L1251B, which was revealed as a small group of protostars by the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST), presents a great site of studying chemical evolution in gas and ice as well as various dynamical processes associated with star formation (infall, rotation, and outflow). We have mapped L1251B with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) aboard the SST to study the chemical distribution in the phases of gas and ice and the dynamical feature related to shock in the region. Various atomic lines and the $H_2$ pure rotational lines, which trace different shock velocities, were detected. In addition, the distribution of the water and $CO_2$ ices hints variety of the ice desorption mechanism in L1251B.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.239-254
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• 2015

Little information on HUmic-Like Substances (HULIS) in ambient particulate matter has been reported yet in Korea. HULIS makes up a significant fraction of the water-soluble organic mass in the atmospheric aerosols and influence their water uptake properties. In this study 24-hr $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected between December 2013 and October 2014 at an urban site in Gwangju and analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), HULIS, and ionic species, to investigate possible sources and formation processes of HULIS. HULIS was separated using solid phase extraction method and quantified by total organic carbon analyzer. During the study period, HULIS concentration ranged from 0.19 to $5.65{\mu}gC/m^3$ with an average of $1.83{\pm}1.22{\mu}gC/m^3$, accounting for on average 45% of the WSOC (12~ 73%), with higher in cold season than in warm season. Strong correlation of WSOC with HULIS ($R^2=0.91$) indicates their similar chemical characteristics. On the basis of the relationships between HULIS and a variety of chemical species (EC, $K^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, and oxalate), it was postulated that HULIS observed during summer and winter were likely attributed to secondary formation and primary emissions from biomass burning (BB) and traffics. Stronger correlation of HULIS with $K^+$, which is a BB tracer, in winter ($R^2=0.81$) than in summer ($R^2=0.66$), suggests more significant contribution of BB emissions in winter to the observed HULIS. It is interesting to note that BB emissions may also have an influence on the HULIS in summer, but further study using levoglucosan that is a unique organic marker of BB emissions is required during summer. Higher correlation between HULIS and oxalate, which is mainly formed through cloud processing and/or photochemical oxidation processes, was found in the summer ($R^2=0.76$) than in the winter ($R^2=0.63$), reflecting a high fraction of secondary organic aerosol in the summer.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.792-799
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• 1994

The spectral changes of 3,3'-diethyl oxacarbocyanine(DOC) in the aqueous solution and in the presence of polyacrylic acid(PAA) were studied by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral change of DOC in the aqueous solution with concentration changes is attributed to the formation of dimer. In the presence of PAA, the characteristic changes of metachromatic band with changes of P/D (the ratio between available binding site and the dye concentration) are found and the discussions are made in terms of stacking theory. A kinetic study of the interaction between DOC and PAA was also investigated by the absorption and fluorescence stopped-flow spectroscopy. The observed relaxation effect in PAA-DOC system can be described quantitatively by assuming two relaxation processes occur.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.517-525
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• 2009

We measured ambient concentrations of hazardous air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes in residential areas nearby small and medium scale shipbuilding companies. The VOC concentrations were higher during the normal operation periods than vacation at which almost all operations were shutdown. Concentrations of VOCs was higher, as the sampling site was nearer from shipbuilding companies. The major components of VOCs were m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, toluene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene which had been found as major VOC compounds emitted from painting processes of shipbuilding in the previous studies. The major components of aldehydes analyzed were benzaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. The concentration of aldehydes was highest at the furthest sampling point from shipbuilding companies because the formation of aldehyde compounds could be occurred by the secondary chemical reactions of VOCs. The results of this study shows a proper counterplan need to be established for the reduction of hazardous air pollutants emitted from small and medium scale shipping companies.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2014

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake triggered extremely destructive tsunami waves which propagated over the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean through Drake Passage and Indian Ocean respectively. A total of 10 tide-gauge records collected from the UNESCO/IOC site were analyzed through a band-pass digital filtering device to examine the observed tsunami characteristics. The ray tracing method and finite-difference model with GEBCO 30 arc second bathymetry were also applied to compare the travel times of the Tohoku-originated tsunami, particularly at Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean and King Edward Point in the Atlantic Ocean with observation-based estimates. At both locations the finite-difference model produced the shortest arrival times, while the ray method produced the longest arrival times. Values of the travel time difference however appear to be within tolerable ranges, considering the propagation distance of the tsunami waves. The observed tsunami at Rodrigues, Mauritius in the west of the Madagascar was found to take a clockwise travel path around Australia and New Zealand, while the observed tsunami at King Edward Point in the southern Atlantic Ocean was found to traverse the Pacific Ocean and then passed into the Atlantic Ocean through the Drake Strait. The formation of icebergs captured by satellite images in Sulzberger in the Antarctica also supports the long-range propagation of the Tohoku-originated tsunami.