• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2019

In order to overcome these disadvantages, the halogen light source, which was previously used as a vehicle fog light, has increased power consumption and a short lifetime, and thus, an automobile light source is gradually being replaced with an LED. However, when the vehicle LED fog light is turned on, there is a disadvantage in reducing the life of the fog lamp due to the high heat generated from the LED. The heat generated by the LED inside the fog lamp is mainly emitted by the heatsink, but most of the remaining heat is released to the outside through convection. When cooling efficiency decreases due to convection, thermal energy generates heat to lenses, reflectors, and bezels, which are the main parts of lamps, or generates high temperatures in LED, thereby shortening the life of LED fog lights. In this study, we tried to improve the heat dissipation performance by convection in addition to the heat dissipation method by heat sink, and to determine the installation location of vents that can discharge the internal air or intake the external air of LED fog lamp for vehicle. Thermal fluid analysis was performed to ensure that the optimal data were reflected in the design. The average velocity of air increased in the order of Case3 and Case2 compared to Case1, which is the existing prototype, and the increase rate of Case3 was relatively higher than that of other cases. This is because the vents installed above and below the fog lamps induce the convective phenomena generated according to the temperature difference, and the heat is efficiently discharged with the increase of the air speed.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.4 s.51
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Lately due to the sudden growth of the construction of an apartment complex in domestic market, many construction companies are eager to provide various public facilities to increase the apartment distribution rate. An introduction of a fitness center is popularized as a part of such development. There has been a continuing development in a private fitness based on analyzing the user's data. However a public fitness is quite different from the private in terms of a user's classification, preference rate, the pattern of use, and location which requires a different facility plan. Nevertheless, all these days a public fitness in an apartment house has been developed without a specific facility plan based on relevant materials. It is worried that such development would cause the facilities not to function as appropriate resident facilities and sink to idle ones. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to make the standard considered in facility planning in future and the base to guide an applying method. In the paper the present condition of fitness centers inside apartment houses has been compared to analyze the progress of the existing facilities and the appropriateness of the organization and the structure division. The result of the research shows that public resident facilities is not the place to perform passive role for fixed activities but one to form a community through the human relationship based on the facility. Therefore a fitness center inside the apartment complex have to be designed to provide service and leisure space as one of main community facilities for residents. To obtain this purpose, when choosing facilities of an apartment complex, first of all the residents' standard of living, apartment size, residents' distinction rate of age and sex, the needs of the times should be fully considered Secondly, the size of each facility space have to be decided based on the practical data analysis in facility use such as space preference, average staying time. Also, future living culture requires the change of the function and space according to the change of social values, so continuing research and data analysis are required to related to fitness center inside an apartment complex in order to present systematic approaching method and the paper will be expected to be a little step toward it.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2016

This study collected opinions about the design and management of toothbrushing facilities from schoolteachers and the people in charge of public centers, through a focus group interview (FGI), for the development of guidelines. Four moderators conducted eight FGIs of 32 subjects in charge of toothbrushing facilities across all the regions. The qualitative data was analyzed by constant comparative analysis. The findings indicated that more students utilized the facility and brushed their teeth after the installation of toothbrushing facilities. To enhance students' accessibility and safety, guidelines for design and management guidelinesfor toothbrushing facilities need to be developed; the location, sink height and depth, drain size, etc. should be comprehensively considered in the development of the guidelines. This study can help to improve students' satisfaction by enhancing the accessibility, safety, and functionality of toothbrushing facilities, and by providing fundamental data for toothbrushing facilities' development. Finally, this study can maximize the effects of management of toothbrushing facilities management on the improvement of students' oral health and behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1505-1515
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• 2023

As extreme weather events caused by climate change are occurring around the world, blue carbon has recently been gaining attention as a carbon sink. Blue carbon has been officially recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a means of reducing greenhouse gases, and various studies are underway to discover new blue carbon sources both domestically and internationally. Domestic blue carbon research is centered on carbon absorption and storage in tidal flats, which account for most of the coastal wetlands, but there is a lack of research on spatial information. This study utilized the carbon storage of tidal flats from previous studies and converted it into location and spatial information for each basin of the Geumgang and Nakdong rivers. In addition, a proxy value of carbon storage per area by basin was calculated to compare and analyze the total carbon storage of various tidal flats in Korea and abroad. As a result of the analysis, both the Geumgang and Nakdong River basins showed different amounts of carbon storage depending on the tidal flats data, with the highest amount in the Geumgang basin coming from the National Ocean Survey (469,810.1 Mg C) and the highest amount in the Nakdong River basin coming from the Ministry of Environment (217,145.01 Mg C). The results of this study can be used as a basis for future research on the establishment of domestic blue carbon spatial information.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.81-99
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• 2015

The acceleration of global warming has required better understanding of carbon cycles over local and regional areas such as the Korean peninsula. Since forests serve as a carbon sink, which stores a large amount of terrestrial carbon, there has been a demand to accurately estimate such forest carbon sequestration. In Korea, the National Forest Inventory(NFI) has been used to estimate the forest carbon stocks based on the amount of growing stocks per hectare measured at sampled location. However, as such data are based on point(i.e., plot) measurements, it is difficult to identify spatial distribution of forest carbon stocks. This study focuses on urban areas, which have limited number of NFI samples and have shown rapid land cover change, to estimate grid-based forest carbon stocks based on UNFCCC Approach 3 and Tier 3. Land cover change and forest carbon stocks were estimated using Landsat 5 TM data acquired in 1991, 1992, 2010, and 2011, high resolution airborne images, and the 3rd, 5th~6th NFI data. Machine learning techniques(i.e., random forest and support vector machines/regression) were used for land cover change classification and forest carbon stock estimation. Forest carbon stocks were estimated using reflectance, band ratios, vegetation indices, and topographical indices. Results showed that 33.23tonC/ha of carbon was sequestrated on the unchanged forest areas between 1991 and 2010, while 36.83 tonC/ha of carbon was sequestrated on the areas changed from other land-use types to forests. A total of 7.35 tonC/ha of carbon was released on the areas changed from forests to other land-use types. This study was a good chance to understand the quantitative forest carbon stock change according to the land cover change. Moreover the result of this study can contribute to the effective forest management.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2001

Sanitary management practices were assessed to insure the safety of school foodservice, to prevent the outbreak of foodborne illness, and to improve the quality of school foodservice. To accomplish these objectives, a survey was conducted and analyzed on elementary and high school foodservice operations located in Seoul area. A Questionnaire from based on HACCP standards was developed and used for self-reported evaluation of the school foodservice managers on their sanitary management practices. The results were analysed by examining their activities and identifying weaknesses in those activities. The questionnaire was composed of three sectors with all 53 questions; 33 questions for time-temperature management, 5 for personal hygiene and 15 for equipment/facility sanitation. Five-point-scale was used on the questionnaire answers. Among the schools responded,253 (98.4% of the total) were elementary schools and 19 (1.6%) were high schools. Among the three sectors, personal hygiene performance was mostly well conducted by marking average 4.06$\pm$0.57. Equipment/facility sanitation came next by marking average 3.84$\pm$0.53. Time-temperature marked average 3.45$\pm$0.46. “Storage after cooking (2.03$\pm$0.94)”was identified as the least managed activities because the school foodservice operations were not equipped well with hot holding and/or cold holding. “Separate use of sink per usage (3.03$\pm$1.10)” and “proper location of hand washing facility (3.07$\pm$1.13))” were identified as the least practiced activities in equipment/facility sanitation sector. To enhance these practices, proper number of sinks and hand washing facilities should be equipped first within the kitchen area.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.4-21
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• 2021

A stone mold from the Sabi period of Baekje was excavated at the western tombs in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo where there was a recent excavation survey (2016). It was believed and reported that such stone molds were used for copper needles during the early Iron Age; however, a close re-examination of the form revealed that they were used for bifid ornamental hairpins. Given its casting form, the stone mold of Neungsan-ri is estimated to have been used to make bifid ornamental hairpins in a ∩ shape, narrowing down toward the tip. It is considered an artifact of the Goryeo dynasty. The stone used to make the bifid ornamental hairpin mold of Neungsan-ri was chlorite-schist, the principal minerals of which include chlorite, amphibole, and talc. Similar rocks are in nearby Buyeo (Oesan-myeon), Cheongyang, Gongju, and Yesan. They are mainly found between Jiseon-ri, Oesan-myeon, Buyeo, Sucheol-ri, Yesane-up, and Yesan. Nearly 70 bifid ornamental hairpins from the Goryeo dynasty were excavated at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo and the surrounding areas. Among them, the bronze ones excavated from the tombs of Songguk-ri, Buyeo are estimated to have been made using this mold as they closely resemble the Neungsan-ri mold. Stone was likely the preferred material for molds to make bronze artifacts as it was easy to sink a die. Regarding the bifid ornamental hairpin cast excavated in Neungsan-ri, they obtained stones in nearby areas 20~50km from their location, made bronze artifacts, and distributed them to nearby sites during the Goryeo dynasty. These artifacts suggest that the casting technology of using a stone mold was still employed then.