• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and breeding value of swine using their economic traits. The traits considered were age at 90 kilograms body weight (D90 kg), backfat thickness (BF) and eye muscle area (EMA). Estimation of genetic parameters and breeding value from 18,668 heads considering the economic traits were based on farm performance data from May 2007 to April 2011. Estimation of genetic parameters based on economic traits revealed that the single best model was fitted after finding source of variance on fixed and random effects and estimated by a multiple trait model using DF-REML (Derivative-FREE Restricted Maximum Likelihood). In this study, the estimated heritabilities of Duroc, Berkshire, Landrace and Yorkshire were about 0.22-0.59 for the D90 kg, 0.47-0.62 for the BF and 0.23-0.37 for the EMA. Genetic correlation of D90 kg with BF and EMA of the four breeds were -0.01-0.24 and -0.35--0.23, respectively. Moreover, the genetic correlation of BF with EMA was -0.68--0.17. On the other hand, the phenotypic correlation of D90 kg with BF and EMA of the four breeds were about 0.01-0.11 and -0.37--0.21, respectively, while the phenotypic correlation of BF with EMA was -0.68--0.17. Results showed that the genetic trends of breeding value every year were decreasing for D90 kg, increasing for BF while for EMA inconsistent values were obtained.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.483-509
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• 1999

Biodegradable barrier membrane has been demonstrated to have guided bone regeneration capacity on the animal study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of cultured calvarial cell inoculated on the biodegradable barrier membrane for the regeneration of the artificial bone defect. In this experiment 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats(mean BW 150gm) were used. 30 rats were divided into 3 groups. In group I, defects were covered periosteum without membrane. In group II, defects were repaired using biodegradable barrier membrane. In group III, the defects were repaired using biodegradable barrier membrane seeded with cultured calvarial cell. Every surgical procedure were performed under the general anesthesia by using with intravenous injection of Pentobarbital sodium(30mg/Kg). After anesthesia, 5 rats were sacrificed by decapitation to obtain the calvaria for bone cell culture. Calvarial cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum under the conventional conditions. The number of cell inoculated on the membrane were $1{\times}10^6$ Cells/ml. The membrane were inserted on the artificial bone defect after 3 days of culture. A single 3-mm diameter full-thickness artificial calvarial defect was made in each animal by using with bone trephine drill. After the every surgical intervention of animal, all of the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3 weeks after surgery by using of perfusion technique. For obtaining histological section, tissues were fixed in 2.5% Glutaraldehyde (0.1M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2) and Karnovsky's fixative solution, and decalcified with 0.1M disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetate for 3 weeks. Tissue embeding was performed in paraffin and cut parallel to the surface of calvaria. Section in 7${\mu}m$ thickness of tissue was done and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. All the specimens were observed under the light microscopy. The following results were obtained. 1 . During the whole period of experiment, fibrous connective tissue was revealed at 1week after surgery which meant rapid soft tissue recovery. The healing rate of defected area into new bone formation of the test group was observed more rapid tendency than other two groups. 2 . The sequence of healing rate of bone defected area was as follows ； test group, positive control, negative control group. 3 . During the experiment, an osteoclastic cell around preexisted bone was not found. New bone formation was originated from the periphery of the remaing bone wall, and gradually extended into central portion of the bone defect. 4 . The biodegradable barrier membrane was observed favorable biocompatibility during this experimental period without any other noticeable foreign body reaction. And mineralization in the newly formed osteoid tissue revealed relatively more rapid than other group since early stage of the healing process. Conclusively, the cultured bone cell inoculated onto the biodegradable barrier membrane may have an important role of regeneration of artificial bone defects of alveolar bone. This study thus demonstrates a tissue-engineering the approach to the repair of bone defects, which may have clinical applications in clinical fields of the dentistry including periodontics.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.241-260
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• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2011

Effects of temperature ($13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$) on the pharmacokinetic properties of nalidixic acid (NA) and piromidic acid (PA) were studied after oral administration to cultured black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Serum concentrations of NA and PA were determined using HPLC-UV detector after a single dosage of 60 mg/kg body weight. At $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA and PA, which attained at 24 h post-dose, were 5.87 and $0.43\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. At $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA and PA, which attained at 10 h post-dose, were 6.22 and $1.57\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Better absorption of PA was noted at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ compared to $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. However, absorption of NA was not affected significantly by temperature. The elimination of NA and PA from serum of black rockfish was considerably faster at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ than at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of NA and PA in serum were analyzed by fitting to a one compartment model, with WinNonlin program. The AUC, $T_{1/2}$, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$, respectively, were: $161.25\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.15 h, 12.29 h and $8.91\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, and $134.12{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.18 h, 8.79 h and $5.00\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ with NA; $41.57\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.58 h, 8.24 h and $0.21\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, and $40.36\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.59 h, 5.04 h and $1.20\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ with PA.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2015

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of gallstones in the last three years and evaluate the associated risk factors in the population who underwent health screening. Although there are many studies reporting the prevalence and risk factors of GB polyp, the results varied among each report. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence rate and risk factors of GB polyp, colon polyp and fatty liver in the population who underwent health screening. The study population consisted of 4,877 visited the health promotion center in Dalseogu, Daegu in Korea from January 2011 to December 2013. Each participant in the study had their biliary system gallbladder examined using ultrasonography. The prevalence of GB polyp was evaluated along with age, gender, metabolic syndrom, body mass index (BMI), Fatty liver, Colon polyp. A showed of total 383 (7.9%) people were found to have GB polyps. The prevalence of sex among 256 (9.8%) patients men and 127 (5.6%) women which showed significantly higher in male than in female subjects(p=0.001). The mean size of the GB polyps 4.92 mm (1.6-17 mm). The sizes of most GB polyps (73.6%) were less than 10 mm in diameter. 122 subjects (31.28%) had multiple GB polyps which 2 or more polyps and 261 subjects (68.2%) had single polyp. Independent risk factors related with GB polyp were male gender (OR 0.551, p<0.001), overweight that BMI above $23kg/m^2$ (OR 0.713, p=0.002) triglyceride (OR 0.571, P<0.001), metabolic syndrome (OR 0.049, p=0.033) and colon polyp (OR 1.409, p=0.002). In spite of the conclusion, the prevalence GB polyp was higher than previous Korea and other country reports. The GB polyp in a healthy population was results as 7.9%. The risk factors of GB polyps were found to be male, being overweight, triglyceride, metabolic syndrome and colon polyp. Not only the subject of a health examination is needed but, a further study of the general public when possible.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.4 s.249
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• pp.277-283
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• 2005

Arterial oxygen saturation $(SaO_2)$ instability frequently takes place after systemic-pulmonary shunt without shunt occlusion. We analyzed actual incidence and risk factors for $SaO_2$ instability after shunt operations, and possible mechanisms were speculated on. Material and Method: Ninety three patients, who underwent modified Blalock-Taussig shunt from January 1996 to December 2000, were enrolled in this study. Adequacy of shunt was verified in all patients, either by ensuing one ventricle or biventricular repair later on or by appropriate pulmonary artery growth on postoperative angiogram. Age, body weight, hemoglobin level at operation were 3 day to 36 years (median: 1.8 months), 2.5kg to 51kg (median: 4.1kg) and $10.7\~24.3$ gm/dL (median: 15.2 gm/dL) respectively. Preoperative diagnoses were functional single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis or atresia in 39, tetralogy of Fallot in 38 and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in 16. Pulmonary blood flow (PBF) was maintained pre-operatively by patent ductus or previous shunt in 64 and by forward flow through stenotic right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in 29. $SaO_2$ instability was defined as $SaO_2$ less than $50\%$ for more than 1 hour with neither anatomic obstruction of shunt nor respiratory problem. Result: 10 patients $(10.7\%)$ showed $SaO_2$ instability after shunt operation. After shunt occlusion was ruled out by echocardiogram, they received measures to lower pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), which worked within a few hours in all patients. Risk factors for $SaO_2$ instability included older age at operation (p=0.039), lower preoperative $SaO_2$ (p=0.0001) and emergency operation (p=0.001). PBF through stenotic RVOT showed marginal statistical significance (p=0.065). Conclusion: $SaO_2$ instability occurs frequently after shunt operation, especially in patients with severe hypoxia pre-operatively or unstable clinical condition necessitating emergency operation. Temporary elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance is a possible mechanism in this specific clinical setting.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.628-636
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• 1999

Background: Recent advances in understanding the anatomy of the complete atrioventricular septal defect(including right-dominant unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect) have led to alternative methods of repairing these defects. Material and Method: From May 1997 to July 1998, 8 consecutive infants(age range, 2 to 28 months, mean body weight 6.0$\pm$2.2 kg) received a single-stage intracardiac repair of the complete atrioventricular septal defect with modified surgical methods. Depending on the specific anatomic structure, the procedure was simplified in 3 patients by a direct closure of the ventricular element of the defect(Group I). Two patients judged unsuitable for direct closure due to a potential left ventricular outflow tract obstruction had received a standard two-patch repair(Group II). The remaining 3 patients with right-dominant unbalanced complete atrioventricular septal defect underwent biventricular repair; to enlarge the orifice of the left atrioventricular valve, the ventricular septal patch was placed slightly more to the right of the ventricular crest, a left sided bridging leaflet was augmented with an autologous pericardial patch, and the leaflet was repaired with a double- orifice(Group III . Result: In all 8 patients, the postoperative echocardiography demonstrated good hemodynamics. Seven patients were weaned from the ventilators after a mean 3$\pm$1 days, and 1 patient was weaned after 24 days due to a reoperation and emphysematous lung problem. A reoperation was performed in 1 patient for progressive left atrioventricular valve regurgitation due to leaflet tearing. There were no early and late mortalities. At the time of the latest review, judging from the echocardiographic criteria, left atrioventricular valve stenosis was mild in 1 patient(mean pressure gradient 6.5 mmHg, 13.5%), left atrioventricular valve regurgitation was absent or grade I in 7 patients(87.5%). The right atrioventricular valve regurgitation was absent or grade I in all 8 patients(100%). Conclusion: Infants with complete atrioventricular septal defect were treated with either a simplified approach with direct closure of the ventricular element of the defect or a modified surgical technique for a right-dominant unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect, depending on the anatomic structure. The results were no operative mortalities and low morbidity.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2010

Recent evidence has revealed that the intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline(20%) resulted in a chemically castrated state such as nadir testosterone levels in rats. To confirm the efficacy of this simple saline-injection method further, we investigated the changes in the gross and microscopic anatomy of testis. Our study comprised three groups; intact(control) group, orchidectomy group and saline-injection (experimental) group. Single dose of hypertonic saline (sterilized, $750{\mu}{\ell}/testis$) were directly administered into both testis of adult rats (about 300 g BW). Bilateral orchidectomy was performed at the same day of saline injection. Following 30 days post-injection, reproductive tissues were surgically removed, weighed and fixed for histological examination. The body weights were not changed in both orchidectomy group and saline-injection group when compared to those in intact group. The wet weights of testis were significantly decreased in saline-injection group when compared to those in intact group. The wet weights of epididymis and seminal vesicle and prostate were significantly decreased in orchidectomy group and saline-injection group when compared to those in intact group. Macroscopically, the testes exerted slight atrophy and the tunica albuginea seemed to be intact in saline injection group. Histologically, however, larger parts of testicular tissue underwent necrosis and were barely recognizable after hematoxylin-eosin staining. In the same section, only the opposite part of the injection site was stained showing abnormal state of cell layers mostly fibrosis and infiltrated leukocytes. Sloughing of immature germ cells from the basement membrane along with shedding cells in the intraluminal space was notable in most seminiferous tubules from the saline injected testis. The present study confirmed that the direct injection of hypertonic saline into testis can induce a castration-like, testosterone-depriving effects on accessory sex organs. Our findings suggest that the efficacy of this less expensive and minimally invasive method seems to be almost even with that of conventional orchidectomy and chemical castration, though more in-depth evaluation should be supported.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2006

Zaltoprofen, (2-(10,11-dihydro-10-oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-2-yl)propionic acid) is an NSAID with powerful anti-inflammatory effects as well as an analgesic action on inflammatory pain. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two zaltoprofen tablets, $Soleton^{\circledR}$ (CJ Corp.) and SCD Zaltoprofen (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of zaltoprofen from the two zatoprofen formulations in vitro was tested using KP Vlll Apparatus ll method with various dissolution media. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.2{\pm}2.26$ years in age and$64.7{\pm}8.08$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 80 mg as zaltoprofen was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of zaltoprofen in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Soleton^{\circledR}$ were 6.33, 5.91 and 17.7% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g.,log $1.01{\sim}1og\;1.11$ and log $0.928{\sim}1og\;1.18$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating SCD Zaltoprofen tablet was bioequivalent to $Soleton^{\circledR}$ tablet.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.205-209
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• 1977

The pool size of plasma glucose, turnover rate and other concerned items for glucose metabolism in normal laying hen were investigated by a single-injection method using $U-C^{14}-glucose$. The 11.6 nCi of pure dose was injected to a hen normally fed through the wing vein. The glucose concentration in plasma sample taken at 5 minutes after injections was 214mgper 100ml. From the plottings of logarithmic standard specific activities of plasma taken from 5 to 120 minutes against the time after injection and from the regresion analysis, metabolic states were determined. The pool size was 1.07g, turnover rate was 0.024 per minute, turnover time was 41 minutes, utilization rate was 26mg/min. (0.83 g/hr/kg B.W. 3/4) and glucose space(extracellular fluid volume) was 25.3 per cent of body weight. The values obtained from. 10-50 minutes samples were similar to those described above, which we from 5-120 minutes samples.